Fig. 6
From: Advancements in noise reduction for wheel speed sensing using enhanced LSTM models
VMD amd HHT analysis of the automotive wheel speed sensor signal with 30 dB noise. Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) and the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) reveal the time–frequency structure of the disturbed 50 Hz signal (0–1 s), highlighting both the fundamental wheel speed component and residual noise-driven modes.
