Fig. 4

Gene-set functional enrichment analysis was conducted based on the mapped genes from the SNP2GENE mode in FUMA. The enrichment analysis was performed in the GENE2FUNC mode. The y-axis displays significantly enriched functional pathways. The x-axis is divided into two parts: (1) bar graphs showing the proportion of overlapping genes within each pathway (red) and the –log₁₀(adjusted p-value) (blue), and (2) a heatmap indicating the presence of overlapping genes in each gene set, with orange marking genes present in the respective sets. P-values were adjusted using the Benjamini–Hochberg method. All plots were generated and visualized using the FUMA web-based platform29.