Fig. 5

Validation of empirical equations for hydraulic conductivity estimation based on void ratio and effective diameter: Comparison between field-measured (KField-measured) and estimated (KEstimated) values using (a) Hazen, (b) Slichter, (c) Terzaghi, (d) Kozeny–Carman, (e) Navfac DM7, and (f) Chapuis equations.