Fig. 4

DNA damage and cell status in the midgut tissue of G. mellonella treated with CdO NPs (0.03 mg/g body weight) for 48 h, measured by the comet assay and annexin V apoptosis and necrosis assay, respectively. (A) Tail DNA—a percentage of DNA in the comet tail, (B) Tail length—comet tail length, (C) TM—tail moment, (D) Tailed cells, (E) Untailed cells, (F) Viable cells, (G) Early apoptotic cells, (H) Late apoptotic cells, (I) Necrotic cells. Principal component analysis (PCA) for all analyzed data (J) and dendrogram of hierarchical clustering (K). Abbreviations: Diagrams (J) and (K): HSP 70—70 kDa heat shock protein, HSP 90—90 kDa heat shock protein, MT—metallothioneins, GSH—reduced glutathione, GST—glutathione S-transferase, SOD—superoxide dismutase, MDA—malondialdehyde, P450—cytochrome P450, CarE—carboxylesterase, TP—total protein, THC—total hemocyte count, TDNA—a percentage of DNA in the comet tail, TL—comet tail length, TM—tail moment, TC—tailed cells, UC—untailed cells, VC—viable cells, EA—early apoptotic cells, LA—late apoptotic cells, and NC—necrotic cells. ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 denote significant differences between the exposed and control groups (unpaired t-test).