Fig. 2
Serum analysis in COVID-19 patients with acute neurological disturbances. Paired serum samples from COVID-19 patients with isolated refractory headache (H) (n = 7), encephalopathy (E) (n = 13), and inflammatory neurological diseases (IND) (n = 11), and from a control group of individuals with non-inflammatory and non-infectious neurological diseases (NI) (n = 5) were assessed by Luminex (MILLIPLEX MAP Human Cytokine/Chemokine/Growth Factor Panel A, Merck Millipore), Cytometry bead array (LEGENDplex Human Neuroinflammation Panel 1, Biolegend), and ELISA. Concentration values in pg/mL were log10-transformed and are presented as median and interquartile range (IQR). Comparative analysis was performed with the Kruskal–Wallis test and posthoc analysis using Dunn’s test with Benjamini–Hochberg method for adjusting p-values in multiple comparisons. Results of proinflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-18), regulatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-13, and IL-27), growth factors (TGF-α, VEGF, and BDNF), and markers of cellular stress response (VILIP-1) that presented significant changes (Kruskal–Wallis p < 0.05) are shown. Summary data for all factors evaluated are presented in additional graphs and tables [see Additional file 1 and Additional file 2]. *, adj. p < 0.05; **, adj. p < 0.01.
