Table 7 Comparison of several 31 level MLI topologies with the proposed MLI.

From: Integrated MPPT and bidirectional DC DC converter with reduced switch multilevel inverters for electric vehicles applications

Reference number

Year

Switches

Diodes

Capacitors

DC source

\({TSV}_{PU}\)

CC/L

\(\alpha =0.5\)

\(\alpha =1.5\)

Alishah et al.31

2016

14

4

4

2

5.33

2.49

2.83

Sahoo et al.32

2019

10

–

–

4

–

–

–

Roy et al.33

2019

16

2

4

2

5.67

2.63

3.0

Hussan et al.34

2020

12

–

4

3

5.87

2.80

3.37

Ahmad et al.35

2020

18

–

4

2

5.66

1.44

1.62

Prasad et al.36

2021

14

–

–

4

2.4

1.07

1.15

Proposed

–

8

4

–

1

1.88

0.92

1.02

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