Fig. 1
Anatomical illustrations, microscopy imaging and a mammogram projection showing calcifications associated with the progressive development of BBD and DCIS in the human female breast. Illustrations (a, b, c, e and f) of breast anatomy by permission from Terese Winslow LLC. (d) BF microscopy image of a dilated lumen within BBD biopsy MCT006 showing non-birefringent SN1 calcifications composed of cores and concentrically layered cortices. (e and f) 3D illustrations of lactiferous duct showing normal epithelial and myoepithelial cells and the basement membrane (e) and a DCIS duct with abnormal cells, necrotic cells and comedo necrosis (f). (g) BF microscopy image from DCIS biopsy MCT002 of non-birefringent SEN calcifications deposited within ducts containing necrotic cells and comedo necrosis and exhibiting collagen containment. DCIS ACP SEN calcifications were crushed, fractured and partially removed during sectioning. (h) Mammographic image of fine linear and pleomorphic calcifications associated with DCIS in segmental distribution in the superior breast (image by permission Jatoi et al. 2023). ACP = amorphous calcium phosphate and amorphous calcium phosphate transforming toward hydroxyapatite. SN1 = ACP spheroidal nodules associated with BBD. SEN = ACP semi-ellipsoidal nodules associated with DCIS. BBD = benign breast disease. DCIS = ductal carcinoma in situ. BF = bright field. HS = histology section. H&E = hematoxylin and eosin. TDLU = terminal duct lobular unit. 3D = three-dimensional.
