Table 3 Comparison of self-efficacy and QoL-related indicators between groups across study periods using generalized estimating equation models.

From: Community interventions improve diabetes management and oral health in type 2 diabetes patients with chronic periodontitis

Outcome variables, means ± SD

 

G0(n = 172)

G1(n = 188)

G2(n = 193)

G3(n = 194)

Group effecta

Group * Time interaction effect

Wald χ2

P-value

Wald χ2

P-value

Self-efficacy score

T0

8.05 ± 1.29

8.11 ± 1.38

8.13 ± 1.32

8.07 ± 1.61

–

–

9.267

0.413

T1

8.09 ± 1.29

8.31 ± 1.22

8.50 ± 1.32

8.62 ± 1.37

–

–

T2

8.23 ± 0.96

8.33 ± 1.07

8.47 ± 1.23

8.51 ± 1.31

–

–

T3

8.07 ± 1.01

8.30 ± 1.13

8.44 ± 1.39

8.55 ± 1.28

–

–

Time effectb

Wald χ2

–

–

–

–

    

P-value

–

–

–

–

    

Health utility value

T0

0.96 ± 0.07

0.97 ± 0.07

0.97 ± 0.07

0.97 ± 0.06

1.273

0.736

16.957

0.049*

T1

0.96 ± 0.07

0.96 ± 0.10

0.97 ± 0.09

0.99 ± 0.10

19.498

 < 0.001*

T2

0.97 ± 0.07

0.97 ± 0.09

0.98 ± 0.07

0.98 ± 0.06

4.411

0.220

T3

0.97 ± 0.09

0.97 ± 0.10

0.99 ± 0.05

0.99 ± 0.07

12.573

0.006*

Time effectb

Wald χ2

1.240

2.797

12.731

27.909

    

P-value

0.744

0.424

0.005*

 < 0.001*

    

EQ-VAS score

T0

79.03 ± 13.59

80.27 ± 15.17

78.59 ± 18.30

78.19 ± 19.59

–

–

11.660

0.233

 

T1

79.50 ± 18.09

81.39 ± 13.54

83.83 ± 18.26

84.07 ± 18.69

–

–

 

T2

79.82 ± 18.20

81.29 ± 18.53

82.75 ± 11.49

83.49 ± 12.74

–

–

 

T3

80.55 ± 17.78

82.37 ± 12.32

83.07 ± 10.24

83.32 ± 12.35

–

–

Time effectb

Wald χ2

–

–

–

–

    

P-value

–

–

–

–

    
  1. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD).
  2. Adjusted for age, gender, area, education level, marital status, occupational status, sleep duration, healthy lifestyle score, duration of T2DM, disease history and medication history.
  3. If the group * time interaction effect is significant (P < 0.05), subsequent analyses should be performed to evaluate the main effects of the groupa and timeb.
  4. *All statistical tests are 2-tailed; P < 0.05 is considered statistically significant.
  5. Statistically significant values (P  < 0.05) are highlighted in bold.
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