Table 4 Comparison of oral health status between groups across study periods using generalized estimating equation models.

From: Community interventions improve diabetes management and oral health in type 2 diabetes patients with chronic periodontitis

Outcome variables, n (%)

 

G0(n = 172)

G1(n = 188)

G2(n = 193)

G3(n = 194)

Group effecta

Group * Time interaction effect

Wald χ2

P-value

Wald χ2

P-value

Gingival bleeding

T0

62(36.0)

66(35.1)

71(36.8)

72(37.1)

–

–

11.196

0.262

T1

67(39.0)

63(33.5)

67(34.7)

68(35.1)

–

–

T2

66(38.4)

52(27.7)

70(36.3)

46(23.7)

–

–

T3

64(37.2)

53(28.2)

66(34.2)

53(27.3)

–

–

Time effectb

Wald χ2

–

–

–

–

    

P-value

–

–

–

–

    

Gingival swelling

T0

65(37.8)

66(35.1)

58(30.1)

65(33.5)

–

–

11.149

0.266

T1

67(39.0)

59(31.4)

60(31.1)

50(25.8)

–

–

T2

70(40.7)

40(21.3)

53(27.5)

39(20.1)

–

–

T3

62(36.0)

45(23.9)

51(26.4)

43(22.2)

–

–

Time effectb

Wald χ2

–

–

–

–

    

P-value

–

–

–

–

    

Tooth mobility

T0

88(51.2)

96(51.1)

84(43.5)

89(45.9)

3.373

0.066

18.513

0.030*

T1

86(50.0)

93(49.5)

85(44.0)

75(38.7)

5.367

0.147

T2

89(51.7)

60(31.9)

71(36.8)

53(27.3)

24.782

 < 0.001*

T3

81(47.1)

59(31.4)

71(36.8)

55(28.4)

16.700

 < 0.001*

Time effectb

Wald χ2

0.344

35.952

3.298

19.470

    

P-value

0.952

 < 0.001*

0.348

 < 0.001*

    

Chewing weakness

T0

44(25.6)

46(24.5)

40(20.7)

50(25.8)

1.539

0.673

17.887

0.037*

T1

45(26.2)

38(20.2)

45(23.3)

36(18.6)

2.312

0.510

T2

47(27.3)

33(17.6)

43(22.3)

25(12.9)

12.648

0.005*

T3

50(29.1)

38(20.2)

37(19.2)

22(11.3)

19.320

 < 0.001*

Time effectb

Wald χ2

2.512

1.834

1.589

22.804

    

P-value

0.473

0.608

0.662

 < 0.001*

    

Halitosis

T0

45(26.2)

47(25.0)

49(25.4)

54(27.8)

–

–

6.656

0.673

T1

45(26.2)

41(21.8)

42(21.8)

43(22.2)

–

–

T2

48(27.9)

36(19.1)

44(22.8)

31(16.0)

–

–

T3

43(25.0)

34(18.1)

36(18.7)

32(16.5)

–

–

Time effectb

Wald χ2

–

–

–

–

    

P-value

–

–

–

–

    
  1. Data are presented as n (%).
  2. Adjusted for age, gender, area, education level, marital status, occupational status, sleep duration, healthy lifestyle score, duration of T2DM, disease history and medication history.
  3. If the group * time interaction effect is significant (P < 0.05), subsequent analyses should be performed to evaluate the main effects of the groupa and timeb.
  4. *All statistical tests are 2-tailed; P < 0.05 is considered statistically significant.
  5. Statistically significant values (P  < 0.05) are highlighted in bold.
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