Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with and without chronic total occlusion.

From: Association between left ventricular remodeling and coronary chronic total occlusion in hypertensive coronary artery disease patients

Variables

Overall

CTO

P value

No (n = 3130)

Yes (n = 300)

Demographic characteristics

 Age, years

65.28 ± 10.79

65.37 ± 10.71

64.44 ± 11.63

0.156

 Male, n (%)

2363 (68.9)

2123 (67.8)

240 (80.0)

 < 0.001*

 Body mass index, kg/m2

24.67 ± 3.32

24.62 ± 3.27

25.20 ± 3.76

0.004*

 Smoke status, n (%)

   

0.008*

  None

2254 (65.7)

2081 (66.5)

173 (57.7)

 

  Quit

542 (15.8)

485 (15.5)

57 (19.0)

 

  Current

634 (18.5)

564 (18.0)

70 (23.3)

 

 Drink status, n (%)

   

0.028*

  None

2539 (74.0)

2329 (74.4)

210 (70.0)

 

  Quit

303 (8.8)

264 (8.4)

39 (13.0)

 

  Current

588 (17.1)

537 (17.2)

51 (17.0)

 

 ACS presentation, n (%)

293 (8.5)

241 (7.7)

52 (17.3)

 < 0.001*

 Type 2 diabetes, n (%)

969 (28.3)

871 (27.8)

98 (32.7)

0.087

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

136.69 ± 26.15

136.93 ± 26.53

134.19 ± 21.61

0.083

 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

76.79 ± 12.48

76.85 ± 12.51

76.21 ± 12.13

0.393

 Controlled hypertension, n (%)

1752 (51.1)

1582 (50.5)

170 (56.7)

0.049*

 Hypertension duration, n (%)

   

0.681

  < 5 years

1511 (44.1)

1372 (43.8)

139 (46.3)

 

  5–9 years

1164 (33.9)

1068 (34.1)

96 (32.0)

 

  ≥ 10 years

755 (22.0)

690 (22.0)

65 (21.7)

 

Echocardiography parameters

 LV remodeling, n (%)

2427 (70.8)

2188 (69.9)

239 (79.7)

 < 0.001*

 LV geometric patterns, n (%)

   

 < 0.001*

  Normal

1003 (29.2)

942 (30.1)

61 (20.3)

 

  Concentric remodeling

709 (20.7)

660 (21.1)

49 (16.3)

 

  Concentric LVH

1011 (29.5)

911 (29.1)

100 (33.3)

 

  Eccentric LVH

707 (20.6)

617 (19.7)

90 (30.0)

 

 LVEF, %

65.12 ± 9.41

65.46 ± 9.18

61.48 ± 10.98

 < 0.001*

 E/A ratio < 1, n (%)

2798 (81.6)

2558 (81.7)

240 (80.0)

0.510

 Left Atrial Diameter, mm

37.08 ± 5.64

37.00 ± 5.66

37.94 ± 5.32

0.006*

Laboratory tests

 NT-proBNP, pg/mL

138.00 [56.0, 501.8]

131.0 [54.0, 477.0]

250.5 [92.5, 716.8]

 < 0.001*

 Cardiac troponin I, ng/mL

0.01 [0.01, 0.04]

0.01 [0.01, 0.03]

0.01 [0.01, 0.17]

 < 0.001*

 LDL-C, mmol/L

2.16 [1.63, 2.80]

2.17 [1.64, 2.81]

2.11 [1.57, 2.65]

0.165

Coronary angiography

 Multivessel disease, n (%)

404 (11.8)

368 (11.8)

36 (12.0)

0.975

 Left main coronary artery disease, n (%)

250 (7.3)

234 (7.5)

16 (5.3)

0.212

Medication Use

 ARB, n (%)

1573 (45.9)

1426 (45.6)

147 (49.0)

0.279

 ACEI, n (%)

419 (12.2)

380 (12.1)

39 (13.0)

0.732

 CCB, n (%)

1537 (44.8)

1414 (45.2)

123 (41.0)

0.184

 Thiazine, n (%)

113 (3.3)

101 (3.2)

12 (4.0)

0.584

 Metoprolol, n (%)

1832 (53.4)

1648 (52.7)

184 (61.3)

0.005*

 ARNI, n (%)

34 (1.0)

31 (1.0)

3 (1.0)

1.000

  1. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, median [interquartile range], or number (percentage), as appropriate. P values were calculated using Student’s t test or Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables and chi-squared test for categorical variables. *P < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
  2. CTO, chronic total occlusion; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; LV, left ventricular; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; CCB, calcium channel blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor.
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