Table 3 Electrochemical parameters of vanadium and other metal oxide composites.
From: Investigation of vanadium oxide/activated carbon composites
Composite | Method used | Electrolyte | Specific capacitance | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
VO2 (B) nanobelts/rGO | Hydrothermally grown VO2 on rGO | 0.5 M K2 SO4 | 353 F g−1 @1 A g−1 | |
V2O3/N-rGO nanoflakes | NH3 reduction of V2O5 gel/GO films | 1 M Na2 SO4 | 216 mF cm−2 | |
V2O3 nanocomposites | Calcination of hydrothermally grown (NH4)2 V3O8 | 5 M LiCl | 458.6 F g−1 | |
V2O3@C core–shell nanorods | Single pot hydrothermal process using V2O5 nanorod | 5 M LiCl | 228 F·g − 1 | |
V2O3 nanofoam@activated carbon | Calcination of NH4 VO3 solution and activated C | NaNO3 | 185 F g−1 | |
rGO/V2O5 nanosheet | Mixing rGO with hydrothermally grown V2O5 | 1 M KCl | 653 F g−1@1 A g−1 | |
rGO/V2O5 hybrid aerogel | One-pot Hydrothermally grown | 1 M LiClO4 /PPC | 384 F g−1@1 A g−1 | |
NVO-PAC (Ammonium vanadium oxide and porous activated carbon | - | NH4SO4 | 367 mF cm−1 @2 mA cm−2 | |
Vanadium oxide composite electrodes | Vanadium oxide composite electrodes with an embedded conducting network of CNTs | – | 350 mA h g−1 | |
Bamboo-based activated carbon @ MnO2 nanocomposites | Bamboo-based AC powder and KMnO4 were dispersed in DI water, followed by hydrothermal synthesis | 1 M Na2SO4 | 221.45 F g−1 | |
Birnessite-type MnO2/AC nanocomposite | Chemical precipitation of MnO2 from KMnO4 in a solution containing AC | 1 M Na2SO4 | 210 F g−1 | |
Activated mesocarbon microbead/Mn3O4 composite | Physical adsorption of Mn(NO3)2 on the surface of activated microbeads, followed by annealing | 1 M LiPF6/(EC + DMC) | 178 F g−1 | |
Activated carbon loaded with nickel oxide | Suspending AC in Ni(NO3)2 solution, followed by neutralization | 6 M KOH | 194.01 F g−1 | |
λ-MnO2/carbon | Treating LiMn2O4/carbon powder with diluted sulphuric acid | 1 M Na2SO4 | 120 F g−1 | |
MnO2/AC | Bio-char derived AC and KMnO4 were dispersed together in DI water, followed by stirring and drying | 1 M KOH | 1126 F g−1 | |
Activated coconut-shell carbon and hydrous ruthenium oxide (RuOx(OH)) | Sonication of AC in a colloidal solution of RuOx(OH) | 1 M H2SO4 | 250 F g−1 | |
RuO2/carbon composite | RuCl3 colloidal particles absorbed on Carbon black powder, followed by annealing | 1 M H2SO4 | 863 F g−1 | |
Hydrous ruthenium oxide/mesoporous carbon composite | Impregnating ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate into a mesoporous carbon followed by annealing through chemical vapor impregnation method | 2.0 M H2SO4 | 243 F g−1 | |
RuO2-C composite | Electroless deposition of Ru on activated carbon in an alkaline bath | 1 M H2SO4 | 265 F g−1 | |
(ZnO)–AC composite electrode | ZnO-AC electrode is prepared at room temperature by a co-precipitation method | 0.1 M Na2SO4 | 106.1 mF cm−2 |
