Table 2 Socioeconomic characteristics of the participants (N = 206).
Variable | Mean (± SD) or N (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | 49.87 (13.56) | ||
Area under cultivation (ha) | 3.83 (8.00) | ||
Smoking n (%) | Yes | 66 (32.4) | |
No | 138 (67.6) | ||
Education level | Illiterate | 25 (12.2) | |
Under diploma | 66 (32) | ||
Diploma | 68 (33) | ||
University | 47 (22) | ||
Why did the farmer use pesticides? | For killing pests | 194 (94.6) | |
Because their neighbor uses pesticides | 11 (5.4) | ||
Kind of pesticide the farmer uses | Only Insecticide | 27 (13.9( | |
Only Fungicide | 6 (3.1) | ||
Only Herbicide | 54 (27.8) | ||
Insecticide and Fungicide | 10 (5.2) | ||
Insecticide and Herbicide | 32 (16.6) | ||
Fungicide and Herbicide | 22 (11.3) | ||
All three | 43 (22.2) | ||
Source of information about how to use pesticides | Neighbors | Yes | 40 (18.2) |
No | 166 (81.8) | ||
Pesticide retailers | Yes | 61 (29.2) | |
No | 145 (70.8) | ||
Media | Yes | 32 (15.6) | |
No | 174 (84.4) | ||
Government offices | Yes | 72 (35.1) | |
No | 134 (64.9) | ||
Internet | Yes | 12 (5.8) | |
No | 194 (94.2) | ||
Co-workers | Yes | 48 (23.4) | |
No | 158 (76.4) | ||
How does the farmer get the pesticides? | From pesticide shops | 202 (98.1) | |
Other ways | 4 (1.9) | ||
Did the farmer learn how to use pesticides? | Yes | 168 (81.2) | |
No | 38 (19.8) | ||
Did the farmer know how to properly dilute the pesticides? | Yes | 143 (69.4) | |
No | 63 (30.6) | ||
Who sprays the pesticides? | The farmer himself | 151 (73.3) | |
Another person | 55 (26.7) | ||
Where does the farmer store pesticides? | In a safe storage | 169 (82.3) | |
In some other place | 25 (12.1) | ||
Each time the farmer uses all of the pesticides and nothing remains to store | 12 (5.6) | ||
What does the farmer do with the empty containers? | Buries under ground | 30 (15.5) | |
Throws them in the trash bin (to be collected by waste management trucks) | 68 (35.1) | ||
Sells them | 44 (22.7) | ||
Incinerates them | 34 (17.5) | ||
Reuses the container for another purpose | 13 (6.7) | ||
Dumping (throws them where ever) | 5 (2.6) | ||
Other | 12 (5.8) | ||
