Fig. 1

GLEXG treatment effectively improved testicular damage of GTW-induced OAS mice. A Body weight, testis, and epididymis organ ratio of mice (weight of the left and right testis or epididymis/body weight). B HE staining to detect damage to testicular and epididymal tissue (magnification: ×100, scale bar = 100 μm; magnification: ×400, scale bar = 25 μm). C Ultrastructural changes in testicular and epididymal tissues were observed using TEM. In the TEM images of testicular tissue, NU represents nuclei, red arrows represent mitochondria, yellow arrows represent spermatozoa, purple arrows represent Golgi apparatus, blue arrows represent endoplasmic reticulum, and green arrows represent structural damage to the cell membrane. In the TEM images of epididymal tissue, NU represents nuclei, yellow arrows represent normal mitochondria, red arrows represent damaged mitochondria, green arrows represent nucleoli, and purple represents chromatin. (magnification: ×5000, scale bar = 2 μm; magnification: ×20000, scale bar = 500 nm). D The Johnson score assesses the histological impact on testicular tissue. *P < 0.05 vs. Sham; #P < 0.05 vs. Model; n = 6. The data are presented as mean ± SD.