Table 3 Single OFs of the first test system using ARO (Cases 1–5).

From: Generic optimal power flow solution associated with technical improvements and emission reduction by multi-objective ARO algorithm

Objective functions

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Case 4

Case 5

Fuel cost ($/h) (OF1)

798.943

831.27

835.61

963.79

943.92

VD (p.u.) (OF3)

1.885

0.093

3.343

2.090

1.447

VS (OF5)

0.1269

0.148

0.109

0.125

0.1328

PL (MW) (OF2)

8.612

8.514

5.77

2.881

3.069

Emission (ton/h) (OF4)

0.366

0.275

0.250

0.2068

0.2047

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