Fig. 5 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 5

From: Optimizing on-demand food delivery with BDI-based multi-agent systems and Monte Carlo tree search scheduling

Fig. 5

Pareto frontier demonstrating the trade-off between platform efficiency (minimizing total distance) and rider welfare (maximizing net revenue). The blue circles represent different feasible solutions obtained through our MCTS and insertion heuristic approaches, while the red line shows the Pareto-optimal frontier where neither objective can be improved without degrading the other.

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