Fig. 4

Convergence curves of PSO, APSO, HFPSO and AHFPSO on fitness function with different optimization targets. (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e), (f), (f), (g) and (i), (j), (k), (l) are optimization dynamics for different algorithms on fitness function with different parameter sets at \(D=1\), \(D=3\) and \(D=5\), respectively.