Table 3 Alpha-diversity measurements for diet (F:C ratio), ciliate fraction, and interaction effects.

Item	Ciliate fraction (CF)			Diet			Pooled SEM		p-value
Item	TB	EAB	IAB	HC	CON	HF	Diet	CF	Diet	CF	Diet × CF	Linear
Observed ASVs	470^A	321^B	287^B	446	462	506	17.322	31.529	0.101	< 0.001	0.016	0.058
Chao1	471^A	322^B	288^B	441	464	508	17.866	31.800	0.103	< 0.001	0.016	0.062
Evenness	0.931^A	0.904^B	0.926^A	0.933	0.928	0.932	0.002	0.005	0.418	< 0.001	0.631	0.111
Faith’s PD	33.722^A	20.575^B	22.767^B	32.496	33.199	35.470	0.862	1.475	0.151	< 0.001	0.021	0.110
Shannon	8.261^A	7.433^B	7.510^B	8.191	8.217	8.375	0.053	0.187	0.134	< 0.001	0.066	0.011
Simpson	0.995^A	0.989^B	0.992^AB	0.995	0.995	0.995	< 0.001	0.002	0.186	0.0020	0.734	0.076

^A−B: significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) among groups. No significant quadratic changes were observed.
Diet, diet effect after 24 h of incubation (F:C ratio); CF, ciliate fraction effect after 24 h of incubation for microbiome; Diet × CF, interaction between diet and ciliate fraction effects; Linear, linear effect of increasing dietary forage-to-concentrate (F:C) ratio; TB, total bacteria; EAB, small entodinia-associated bacteria; IAB, Isotricha-associated bacteria; HC, high-concentrate group; CON, control group; HF, high-forage group; Pooled SEM, pooled standard error of the mean.

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