Table 6 Interactions between cultivation systems and different N sources on quantum efficiency and energy transfer indices between photosystems II and I in the medicinal plant licorice.

Aeroponic

NO₃

^bc 22.0

^a 0.76

^a 0.79

^d 0.21

^a 0.60

^a 0.28

^c 20.8

^c 9.51

^a 1.27

^a 0.97

NH₄NO₃

^ab 25.6

^a 0.74

^a 0.79

^d 0.21

^a 0.59

^a 0.26

^c 21.4

^c 9.37

^ab 1.23

^ab 0.94

NH₄

^a 26.0

^a 0.76

^a 0.75

^a 0.28

^bc 0.55

^b 0.17

^de 16.3

^e 4.91

^abc 1.08

^b−e 0.80

NFT

NO₃

^c 21.5

^a 0.76

^a 0.79

^d 0.21

^a 0.60

^a 0.27

^c 20.5

^c 9.20

^a 1.29

^a 0.98

NH₄NO₃

^bc 21.9

^a 0.75

^a 0.80

^d 0.20

^a 0.60

^a 0.26

^c 21.7

^c 9.66

^abc 1.13

^a−c 0.92

NH₄

^a 26.3

^a 0.75

^a 0.76

^a 0.28

^c 0.54

^c 0.13

^e 14.7

^e 3.49

^ab 1.23

^a−d 0.84

Inert substrate

NO₃

^c 21.3

^a 0.75

^a 0.79

^d 0.21

^a 0.60

^a 0.28

^c 21.5

^c 9.90

^d 0.90

^ef 0.66

NH₄NO₃

^c 21.6

^a 0.74

^a 0.80

^d 0.20

^a 0.59

^a 0.26

^a 34.7

^a 15.3

^abc 1.15

^abc 0.87

NH₄

^abc 23.2

^a 0.73

^a 0.75

^b 0.25

^bc 0.55

^b 0.19

^c 19.9

^d 76.73

^e 0.70

^F 0.52

Soil

NO₃

^abc 22.5

^a 0.75

^a 0.78

^c 0.22

^a 0.59

^a 0.25

^cd 19.4

^cd 8.34

^cd 1.03

^cde 0.77

NH₄NO₃

^c 21.3

^a 0.76

^a 0.75

0.21 ^cd

^a 0.60

^a 0.26

^b 28.1

^b 12.4

^ab 1.24

^ab 0.93

NH₄

^abc 23.7

^a 0.75

^a 0.75

^b 0.25

^b 0.57

^b 0.20

^c 20.7

^d 7.12

^d 0.91

^de 0.69