Table 1 Demographic characteristics and group comparisons by the diagnosis of low tongue pressure in a baseline analysis.
Variables | Categories | Total (n = 765) | Normal tongue pressure group (n = 489) | Low tongue pressure group (n = 276) | P-value | SMD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median [IQR], n (%) | Median [IQR], n (%) | Median [IQR], n (%) | ||||
Sex | Male | 276 (36.1) | 187 (38.2) | 89 (32.2) | 0.021* | 0.126 |
Female | 489 (63.9) | 302 (61.8) | 187 (67.8) | |||
Age | Years | 74 [70–80] | 73 [69–77] | 76 [71–82] | 0.034* | 0.463 |
Years of schooling | Years | 12[9 − 12] | 12[9–12] | 11 [9–12] | 0.089 | 0.134 |
Living alone | Alone | 265 (34.6) | 155(31.7) | 110 (39.9) | 0.002* | 0.171 |
None | 500 (65.4) | 334 (68.3) | 166 (60.1) | |||
Drinking frequency | None | 457 (59.7) | 271 (55.4) | 186 (67.4) | 0.504 | 0.321 |
Less than weekly | 41 (5.4) | 27 (5.5) | 14 (5.0) | |||
Once a week | 14 (1.8) | 11 (2.2) | 3 (1.1) | |||
Twice a week | 25 (3.3) | 17 (3.5) | 8 (2.9) | |||
3 times a week | 23 (3.0) | 14 (2.9) | 9 (3.3) | |||
4 times a week | 9 (1.2) | 5 (1.0) | 4 (1.4) | |||
5 times a week | 21 (2.7) | 12 (2.5) | 9 (3.3) | |||
6 times a week | 16 (2.1) | 13 (2.7) | 3 (1.1) | |||
Every day | 159 (20.8) | 119 (24.3) | 40 (14.5) | |||
Smoking | None | 530 (69.3) | 327 (66.9) | 203 (73.6) | 0.256 | 0.147 |
Smoking history | 197 (25.8) | 136 (27.8) | 61 (22.1) | |||
Current smoker | 38 (5.0) | 26 (5.3) | 12 (5.3) | |||
Sleep duration | Less than 4 h | 34 (4.4) | 24 (4.9) | 10 (3.6) | 0.079 | 0.073 |
4–6 h | 317 (41.4) | 201 (41.1) | 116 (42.0) | |||
6–8 h | 320 (41.8) | 206 (42.1) | 114 (41.3) | |||
More than 8 h | 94 (12.3) | 58 (11.9) | 36 (13.0) | |||
Energy intake | kcal/day | 1871.6 [1556.4-2236.1] | 1872.2 [1567.7-2212.4] | 1866.9 [1538.6-2314.9] | 0.650 | 0.080 |
Diabetes mellitus | None | 653 (85.4) | 417 (85.3) | 236 (85.5) | 0.879 | 0.064 |
Having a history | 8 (1.0) | 4 (0.8) | 4 (1.4) | |||
Under treatment | 104 (13.6) | 68 (13.9) | 36 (13.0) | |||
Cancer | None | 673 (88.0) | 423 (86.5) | 250 (90.6) | 0.367 | 0.129 |
Having a history | 72 (9.4) | 52 (10.6) | 20 (7.2) | |||
Under treatment | 20 (2.6) | 14 (2.9) | 6 (2.2) | |||
Sarcopenia | None | 662 (86.5) | 444 (90.8) | 218 (79.0) | < 0.001* | 0.336 |
Sarcopenia | 73 (9.5) | 33 (6.7) | 40 (14.5) | |||
Severe sarcopenia | 30 (3.9) | 12 (2.5) | 18 (6.5) | |||
Nutritional status in 2018 | Normal | 618 (80.8) | 412 (84.3) | 206 (74.6) | 0.001* | 0.240 |
At risk of malnutrition | 147 (19.2) | 77 (15.7) | 70 (25.4) |
