Table 1 Micro-mechanical parameters of PFC^2D32.

Minimum radius of the particle, R_min/mm

0.28

Ratio of maximum to minimum of radius, R_rat

1.66

Density of the particle, ρ/(kg⋅m^− 3)

1400

Friction coefficient, µ

0.5

Young’s modulus of the particle, E_C/GPa

2.25

Ratio of normal to shear stiffness of the particle, k_n/k_s

3.0

Parallel bonding radius factor, λ

1.0

Young’s modulus of the parallel bond, \({\text{E}}(---)\)_C/GPa

2.25

Ratio of normal to shear stiffness of the parallel bond, \({\text{K}}(---)\)_n/\({\text{K}}(---)\)_s

3.0

Average bond normal strength, σ_n,mean/MPa

12.5

Standard deviation of bond normal strength, σ_n,dev/MPa

1.25

Average bond tangential strength, τ_s,mean/MPa

12.5

Standard deviation of bond tangential strength, τ_s,dev/MPa

1.25

Young of the spacers, E_s/GPa

200

Poisson of the spacers, E_s/GPa

0.15