Table 2 Risk factors associated with higher augmentation Index.
From: Sex differences in inflammation and markers of gut integrity in long COVID
Unadjusted | Adjusted*** | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (95% CIs) | P-value | Odds Ratio (95% CIs) | P-value | |
Long-COVID & Sex* | ||||
Male, COVID Negative | 0.66 (0.24, 1.86) | 0.4 | 0.88 (0.26, 2.97) | 0.8 |
Female, COVID Negative | 4.02 (1.5, 10.81) | 0.01 | 13.75 (3.82, 49.56) | <0.0001 |
Male, COVID Positive without Long-COVID | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Female, COVID Positive without Long-COVID | 7.09 (1.29, 21.02) | 0.02 | 8.23 (1.63, 41.46) | 0.01 |
Male, COVID Positive with Long-COVID | 2.29 (0.72, 7.26) | 0.2 | 3.22 (0.8, 13.0) | 0.1 |
Female, COVID Positive with Long-COVID | 5.2 (2.47, 20.33) | 0.0003 | 29.34 (7.51, 93.9) | <0.0001 |
Total Number of Symptoms (F vs. M)** | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) | 0.007 | 1.13 (1.05, 1.22) | 0.002 |
Male, ≤3 | 0.36 (0.06, 2.09) | 0.3 | 0.47 (0.06, 3.53) | 0.5 |
Female, ≤3 | 0.44 (0.06, 2.26) | 0.4 | 2.14 (0.19, 24.0) | 0.5 |
Male, 4-12 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Female, 4-12 | 1.12 (0.25, 5.63) | 0.8 | 5.28 (0.72, 38.61) | 0.1 |
Male, ≥13 | 0.77 (0.04, 13.75) | 0.3 | 0.16 (0.01, 4.55) | 0.3 |
Female, ≥13 | 5.32 (1.03, 27.6) | 0.04 | 11.7 (1.39, 98.52) | 0.02 |
Age | 1.09 (1.06, 1.11) | <0.0001 | 1.1 (1.07, 1.14) | <0.0001 |
Current Smoker (Yes) | 2.85 (1.5, 5.4) | 0.001 | 3.83 (1.65, 8.88) | 0.002 |
Hypertension (Yes) | 2.71 (1.3, 5.68) | 0.01 | 2.18 (0.88, 5.41) | 0.9 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.39 (1.1, 1.92) | 0.01 | 1.06 (0.78, 1.44) | 0.7 |
IL-6 ≥ 2.8 pg/mL | 1.7 (0.99, 2.94) | 0.05 | 1.13 (0.59, 2.17) | 0.7 |
TNF-RII ≥ 2565.6 pg/mL | 1.81 (1.04, 3.16) | 0.04 | 1.09 (0.58, 2.04) | 0.8 |
D-dimer (ng/mL) | 1.49 (1.14, 1.95) | 0.004 | 0.92 (0.67, 1.26) | 0.6 |
D-dimer ≥ 436.1 ng/mL | 1.89 (1.09, 3.26) | 0.03 | 0.67 (0.34, 1.34) | 0.3 |
Zonulin (ng/mL) | 1.57 (1.08, 2.28) | 0.02 | 1.33 (0.98, 1.79) | 0.06 |
Zonulin ≥ 38426.04 ng/mL | 2.34 (1.35, 4.07) | 0.003 | 2.38 (1.24, 4.58) | 0.01 |
I-FABP (pg/mL) | 1.58 (1.12, 2.24) | 0.01 | 1.22 (0.84, 1.78) | 0.3 |
I-FABP ≥ 1919.0 pg/mL | 1.89 (1.09, 3.28) | 0.02 | 1.49 (0.81, 2.74) | 0.2 |
