Table 3 Sex-specific differences in arterial elasticity among COVID survivors.

From: Sex differences in inflammation and markers of gut integrity in long COVID

 

Unadjusted

Adjusted**

Estimate (95% CIs)

P-value

Estimate (95% CIs)

P-value

Female Sex, COVID positive*

With long COVID

15.06 (6.52, 23.6)

0.001

17.34 (10.23, 24.44)

<0.0001

Without long COVID

5.9 (3.4, 26.67)

0.01

11.52 (2.19, 20.85)

0.02

Female Sex with long COVID***

Current Smoker (Yes)

10.0 (4.29, 15.71)

0.001

7.31 (2.66, 11.95)

0.002

IL-6 (pg/mL)

12.51 (6.78, 18.24)

<0.0001

9.79 (4.81, 14.77)

0.0002

IL-6 ≥ 2.8 (pg/mL)

22.72 (11.51, 33.92)

<0.0001

18.54 (9.12, 27.96)

0.0001

VCAM ≥ 2565.6 (ng/mL)

17.99 (5.45, 30.52)

0.01

16.93 (6.95, 26.9)

0.001

hsCRP (ng/mL)

3.8 (1.97, 5.64)

<0.0001

3.2 (1.61, 4.78)

0.0001

hsCRP ≥ 3653.8 (ng/mL)

17.58 (4.87, 30.29)

0.007

16.94 (6.33, 27.54)

0.002

sCD14 (ng/mL)

11.08 (3.92, 18.24)

0.003

6.76 (0.9, 12.63)

0.02

Zonulin ≥ 38426.04 (ng/mL)

16.24 (6.38, 26.1)

0.001

16.29 (8.09, 24.48)

0.0001

  1. *Interaction bewteen long COVID and Sex.
  2. **General linear mixed models were used to estimate the effect of covariates (e.g., inflammation and gut integrity markers) on AI and adjusted for the interaction between long COVID status and sex, age, race, BMI, smoking status, comorbidities, and lipids. Inflammatory and gut integrity markers were modeled separately from one another. Comparison group was COVID survivors of male sex without long COVID.
  3. ***See Appendix for all sex-specific differences among COVID negative participants and COVID survivors.
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