Fig. 1

Map of the Santos Basin, offshore Brazil, illustrating the distribution of pre-salt oil fields. The yellow polygon indicates the giant Lula/Tupi oil field (formerly Tupi), which encompasses the study area of the Iracema field. The dashed line shows the approximate shortest distance between the Iracema field and the coastline (308.17 km). Field polygons obtained from the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) GeoMaps Portal (https://geomaps.anp.gov.br/). Base map imagery provided by Google Maps. Map created using QGIS 3 (https://qgis.org/).