Table 6 Causality test.

From: Impacts of green and non-green energies production and R&D on ecological and carbon footprints

Null Hypothesis

F-stats.

Null Hypothesis

F-stats.

HPP⇒ ECP

2.324***, 0.783

OP ⇐ ECP

1.058, 51.783*

GTP ⇒ ECP

2.051*, 1.607

CP ⇒ GEP

3.261**, 1.093

NEP ⇒ECP

0.855*, 2.4632

CP ⇐ ECP

0.311,4.366***

WEP ⇔ ECP

2.573**, 2.628**

NEP ⇔ GEP

2.701*,8.352***

SEP ⇒ECP

2.334**, 0.854

WEP ⇔ GEP

4.539***,10.953***

ET ⇔ ECP

2.956**,4.401***

SEP ⇔ GEP

15.533***,3.045***

OP ⇒GEP

2.385***, 0.572

ET ⇔ GEP

4.120***, 1.982*

  1. significant at 10% is specified with *, significant at 5% specified with **, and significant at 1% specified with***. HPP is hydro power production, NEP is nuclear energy production, GTP indicated Geo-biomass production, WEP indicated wind energy production, SEP is solar energy production, ECF is ecological footprint, OP is oil production, CP is coal production, and GP indicated gas production.
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