Table 1 Reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of FLE.

From: Unveiling the effects of enjoyment and hope on students’ English learning effort

Factor

α

Convergent validity

Discriminant validity (r)

p

CR

AVE

FLE-Pr

FLE-So

FLE-Pr

0.880

0.000

0.86

0.47

0.687

0.170

FLE-So

0.845

0.000

0.87

0.69

0.170

0.831

  1. FLE-So = Foreign Language Enjoyment-Social, FLE-Pr = Foreign Language Enjoyment-Private.
  2. The bold number in discriminant validity represents the square root value of AVE.
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