Table 5 Validation of the classification results for the proposed AI models utilizing the unseen dataset (AHCR dataset).

From: Integrating CNN and transformer architectures for superior Arabic printed and handwriting characters classification

The models

ACC

SEN

PRE

F1 Score

AUC

VGG16

72.97

72.97

73.00

67.82

77.90

ResNet50

74.45

74.42

74.35

69.40

78.90

Ensemble model

74.86

74.83

74.62

69.74

79.30

The proposed hybrid transformer model

75.40

75.40

74.87

70.16

80.12

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