Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the study population according to the level of proteinuria.
Variables | Negative | Proteinuria | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trace | 1+ | 2+ | 3+ | 4+ | |||
Total subject, No. (%) | 3,773,524 (94.2) | 101,106 (2.5) | 85,785 (2.1) | 34,351 (0.9) | 9323 (0.2) | 1857 (0.0) | |
Mean age (years) | 60.4 ± 8.2 | 61.0 ± 8.6 | 61.6 ± 8.6 | 62.1 ± 8.7 | 62.3 ± 8.3 | 52.0 ± 8.6 | < 0.001 |
Sex, male, No. (%) | 1,819,947 (48.2) | 52,553 (52.0) | 45,772 (53.4) | 19,156 (55.8) | 5406 (58.0) | 1073 (57.8) | < 0.001 |
Income, lowest 25%, No. (%) | 813,639 (21.6) | 20,655 (20.4) | 18,535 (21.6) | 7609 (22.2) | 2088 (22.4) | 410 (22.1) | < 0.001 |
Place of residence, urban, No. (%) | 1,712,532 (45.4) | 48,842 (48.3) | 40,445 (47.2) | 15,655 (45.6) | 4164 (44.7) | 755 (40.7) | < 0.001 |
Smoking, No. (%) | |||||||
Non-smoker | 2,516,801 (66.7) | 63,955 (63.3) | 53,382 (62.2) | 20,964 (61.0) | 5526 (59.3) | 1155 (62.2) | < 0.001 |
Ex-smoker | 594,663 (15.8) | 17,575 (17.4) | 15,242 (17.8) | 6279 (18.3) | 1781 (19.1) | 313 (16.9) | |
Current smoker | 662,060 (17.5) | 19,576 (19.4) | 17,161 (20.0) | 7108 (20.7) | 2016 (21.6) | 389 (21.0) | |
Alcohol consumption, No. (%) | |||||||
Non | 2,446,482 (64.8) | 63,408 (62.7) | 53,771 (62.7) | 21,918 (63.8) | 6049 (64.9) | 1258 (67.7) | < 0.001 |
Mild | 1,087,857 (28.8) | 30,040 (29.7) | 24,859 (29.0) | 9437 (27.5) | 2489 (26.7) | 445 (24.0) | |
Heavy | 239,185 (6.3) | 7658 (7.6) | 7155 (8.3) | 2996 (8.7) | 785 (8.4) | 154 (8.3) | |
Physical activity, regular, No. (%) | 802,360 (21.3) | 21,860 (21.6) | 17,924 (20.9) | 7182 (20.9) | 1821 (19.5) | 399 (21.5) | < 0.001 |
Comorbidity, No. (%) | |||||||
Hypertension | 1,688,167 (44.7) | 55,535 (54.9) | 53,935 (62.9) | 24,365 (70.9) | 7230 (77.6) | 1471 (79.2) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 533,497 (14.1) | 22,872 (22.6) | 26,001 (30.3) | 13,325 (38.8) | 4305 (46.2) | 910 (49.0) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 1,042,842 (27.6) | 33,426 (33.1) | 31,469 (36.7) | 14,358 (41.8) | 4585 (49.2) | 951 (51.2) | < 0.001 |
Anthropometric | |||||||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± 3.0 | 24.3 ± 3.2 | 24.6 ± 3.3 | 24.8 ± 3.4 | 24.9 ± 3.5 | 24.8 ± 3.5 | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 82.1 ± 8.3 | 83.2 ± 8.6 | 84.1 ± 8.7 | 84.9 ± 8.9 | 85.4 ± 9.0 | 85.3 ± 9.2 | < 0.001 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 126.2 ± 15.7 | 128.4 ± 16.6 | 130.4 ± 17.3 | 132.4 ± 18.0 | 134.8 ± 18.9 | 24.9 ± 3.5 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 77.8 ± 10.1 | 78.9 ± 10.6 | 79.7 ± 10.9 | 80.5 ± 11.2 | 81.4 ± 11.5 | 82.2 ± 11.8 | < 0.001 |
Laboratory findings (mg/dL) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Glucose, fasting | 101.3 ± 26.1 | 107.9 ± 33.5 | 113.9 ± 40.6 | 119.7 ± 46.1 | 125.3 ± 51.9 | 127.8 ± 52.6 | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol | 201.1 ± 38.0 | 202.3 ± 40.0 | 202.6 ± 41.8 | 202.9 ± 43.6 | 207.5 ± 49.2 | 210.2 ± 52.5 | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides* | 120.7 (120.7–120.8) | 125.2 (124.7–125.6) | 132.7 (132.2–133.2) | 141.3 (140.5–142.2) | 151.4 (149.7–153.2) | 157.4 (153.3–161.5) | < 0.001 |
HDL-C | 55.7 ± 31.4 | 55.1 ± 30.7 | 53.9 ± 23.9 | 53.0 ± 25.7 | 52.6 ± 25.9 | 52.3 ± 25.3 | < 0.001 |
LDL-C | 119.1 ± 39.3 | 119.2 ± 39.1 | 118.1 ± 42.2 | 117.3 ± 42.9 | 119.4 ± 44.7 | 121.6 ± 50.4 | < 0.001 |
Charlson comorbidity index | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 1.4 ± 1.4 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 2.0 ± 1.7 | 2.1 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 |
