Fig. 2

Receiver operating characteristic curve for classifications based on severity and clinical diagnosis. Left: Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curves for classifying healthy volunteers versus patients stratified by dementia severity (MCI, mild dementia, and moderate dementia). Right: ROC curves for classifying healthy volunteers versus patients grouped by clinical diagnosis. The curves illustrate the model performance across subgroups, with consistent discrimination ability observed in both stratification approaches. AD, Patients with Alzheimer’s disease; AUC, Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; HV, Healthy volunteers; iNPH, Patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus; LBD, Patients with Lewy body disease; MCI, Patients with mild cognitive impairment.