Fig. 1

(a) The boundaries of the TP and its 12 sub-basins, with red dots marking the locations of GNSS stations. The grey and pink solid lines represent the boundary and extended boundary of the TP, respectively. (b) The annual precipitation cycle for the entire TP from 2010 to 2021, averaged from two ERA5 and GPM precipitation datasets. (c) The annual temperature cycle for the entire TP from 2010 to 2021, averaged from two ERA5 and GHCN_CAMS temperature datasets. Graphs are created in Generic Mapping Tools (version 6.0.0) software32.