Fig. 1

3D Motion capture data acquisition schematics. The trajectories of markers were captured during the landing process by 12 Vicon motion capture cameras (100 Hz, Vicon Motion Analysis Inc., Vantage 5, Oxford, United Kingdom). Two fully integrated three-dimensional force platforms (1000 Hz, AMTI, Watertown, Massachusetts, United States) synchronously captured the dynamic ground-reaction force signal with the motion capture system. Raw EMG signals from the erector spinae near the T11, T12, L2, and L3 vertebrae were acquired by a synchronized FIEXCOMP-type wired surface EMG analyzer feedback instrument (14bits, 512 Hz, 2048 samples/second, Thought Technology Ltd., Quebec, Canada).