Table 5 Characteristics of participants with high astigmatism, low astigmatism, and moderate astigmatism.
From: Association of nutritional intake with myopia and astigmatism
Variable | High astigmatism | Low astigmatism | Moderate astigmatism | Statistics | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, mean ± SE | 35.51 ± 1.01 | 32.4 ± 0.25 | 34.86 ± 0.65 | F = 9.874 | 0.000 |
Gender, n (%) | χ²=1.168 | 0.558 | |||
Gender_male | 89 (48.1%) | 1570 (50.8%) | 235 (48.7%) | ||
Gender_female | 96 (51.9%) | 1521 (49.2%) | 248 (51.3%) | ||
Ethnicity, n (%) | χ²=13.698 | 0.090 | |||
Mexican American | 39 (21.1%) | 657 (21.3%) | 84 (17.4%) | ||
Other Hispanic | 24 (13%) | 362 (11.7%) | 49 (10.1%) | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 64 (34.6%) | 1284 (41.5%) | 209 (43.3%) | ||
Non-Hispanic Black | 53 (28.6%) | 659 (21.3%) | 119 (24.6%) | ||
Other race | 5 (2.7%) | 129 (4.2%) | 22 (4.6%) | ||
PIR, mean ± SE | 2.2 ± 0.12 | 2.46 ± 0.03 | 2.54 ± 0.08 | F = 3.011 | 0.049 |
OR right sphere, D, mean ± SE | 1.8 ± 0.04 | 2.68 ± 0.01 | 2.2 ± 0.03 | F = 323.903 | 0.000 |
OR right cylinder, D, mean ± SE | 3.27 ± 0.09 | 0.48 ± 0 | 1.5 ± 0.01 | F = 6149.181 | 0.000 |
OR right axis, deg, mean ± SE | 95.04 ± 3.19 | 82.43 ± 1.04 | 89 ± 2.57 | F = 6.475 | 0.002 |
Right keratometry power flat curve, D, mean ± SE | 43.23 ± 0.28 | 43.24 ± 0.04 | 43.46 ± 0.12 | F = 2.107 | 0.122 |
Right keratometry power steep curve, D, mean ± SE | 46.06 ± 0.28 | 44.05 ± 0.04 | 44.73 ± 0.12 | F = 77.153 | 0.000 |
OR left sphere, D, mean ± SE | −0.76 ± 1.22 | −0.52 ± 0.13 | −1.22 ± 0.47 | F = 1.526 | 0.218 |
OR left cylinder, D, mean ± SE | 5.33 ± 1.12 | 1.08 ± 0.12 | 2.39 ± 0.44 | F = 30.410 | 0.000 |
OR left axis, deg, mean ± SE | 118.22 ± 10.9 | 91.53 ± 1.49 | 105.14 ± 4.72 | F = 11.434 | 0.000 |
Left keratometry power flat curve, D, mean ± SE | 43.95 ± 0.44 | 43.31 ± 0.04 | 43.77 ± 0.2 | F = 7.945 | 0.000 |
Left keratometry power steep curve, D, mean ± SE | 46.52 ± 0.46 | 44.18 ± 0.05 | 45.05 ± 0.2 | F = 59.350 | 0.000 |
Lutein + zeaxanthin, mcg, mean ± SE | 2477.43 ± 306.63 | 2178.89 ± 64.99 | 2205.13 ± 176.4 | F = 0.577 | 0.562 |
Vitamin A, µg, mean ± SE | 1058.4 ± 63.4 | 1139.38 ± 18.3 | 1169.65 ± 89.87 | F = 0.596 | 0.551 |
Vitamin C, mg, mean ± SE | 232.19 ± 22.07 | 255.64 ± 7.3 | 241.65 ± 15.06 | F = 0.531 | 0.588 |
Vitamin E as alpha-tocopherol, mg, mean ± SE | 13.27 ± 0.71 | 12.97 ± 0.16 | 12.92 ± 0.42 | F = 0.108 | 0.898 |
Energy intake, kcal, mean ± SE | 3828.45 ± 123.22 | 4004.82 ± 33.43 | 3911.28 ± 80.17 | F = 1.239 | 0.290 |
Protein intake, g, mean ± SE | 143.76 ± 4.9 | 153.65 ± 1.37 | 147.38 ± 3.08 | F = 2.773 | 0.063 |
Carbohydrate, g, mean ± SE | 481.71 ± 16.41 | 495.57 ± 4.28 | 487.92 ± 11.04 | F = 0.472 | 0.624 |
Total fat intake, g, mean ± SE | 141.88 ± 5.24 | 150.14 ± 1.49 | 148.03 ± 3.45 | F = 0.979 | 0.376 |
Zinc, mg, mean ± SE | 21.19 ± 0.78 | 21.99 ± 0.24 | 22.07 ± 0.92 | F = 0.295 | 0.744 |
Magnesium, mg, mean ± SE | 499.21 ± 17.83 | 512.7 ± 4.69 | 494.85 ± 10.86 | F = 1.169 | 0.311 |
Selenium, µg, mean ± SE | 194.6 ± 7.17 | 207.45 ± 1.97 | 199.66 ± 4.65 | F = 2.131 | 0.119 |
Copper, mg, mean ± SE | 2.28 ± 0.09 | 2.33 ± 0.02 | 2.37 ± 0.1 | F = 0.258 | 0.772 |
