Table 1 Summary of results for non-islanding scenarios.

From: Superimposed modal voltage based passive islanding detection of grid tied distributed generation using Wigner distribution function

Disturbance scenario

Peak IDI relative to 100‑trip threshold

Outcome

Sudden 0–100% load Change

IDI remained < 100

No false trip

Capacitor‑bank switching 10–200 MVAR at multiple buses

IDI remained < 100

No false trip

600 hp induction‑motor start (high reactive in‑rush)

IDI remained < 100

No false trip

Voltage signal with SNR of 35 dB or above.

IDI remained < 100

No false trip

Voltage signal with SNR less than 35dB

22 among 30 cases, IDI remained < 100

For the remaining 8 cases IDI > 100

26.6% false tripping