Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population in development Cohort.

Demographic

Sex

Male

232(25.8%)

82(26.8%)

0.741

Age

51(39–59)

52(37–65)

0.089

Preoperative comorbidities

Hypertension

89(9.9%)

33(10.8%)

0.662

Coronary Heart Disease

7(0.8%)

3(1.0%)

0.721

Diabetes

35(3.9%)

21(6.9%)

0.033

Cerebrovascular Disease

9(1.0%)

2(0.2%)

0.739

COPD

13(1.4%)

4(1.3%)

1

CKD

2(0.2%)

1(0.3%)

1

Injury situation

Mechanism of Injury

0.027

Traffic accidents

475(39.4%)

173(56.5%)

Drop from height

244(27.2%)

65(21.2%)

fall

70(7.8%)

37(12.1%)

Sharp instrumental injury

33(3.7%)

10(3.3%)

Others

77(8.6%)

20(6.5%)

Location of Injury

0.027

Head and Neck

475(39.4%)

173(56.5%)

Face

244(27.2%)

65(21.2%)

Chest

70(7.8%)

37(12.1%)

Abdominal

33(3.7%)

10(3.3%)

Limbs and Pelvis

77(8.6%)

20(6.5%)

Appearance

Multiple injuries

688(76.6%)

219(71.6%)

Preoperative situation

Shock

150(16.7%)

127(41.5%)

< 0.001

Emergency

472(52.6%)

248(81.1%)

< 0.001

ASA Classification

< 0.001

I

2(0.2%)

0(0.0%)

II

354(39.4%)

73(23.9%)

III

430(47.9%)

136(44.4%)

IV

100(11.1%)

76(24.8%)

V

12(1.3%)

21(6.9%)

ISS score

18.5(17–22)

21(17–27)

< 0.001

Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

122(108–137)

122.5(98.3–142)

0.903

Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

77(67–85)

74.5(62–86)

0.193

Heart rate (BPM)

86(78–101)

90(78–114)

< 0.001

Preoperative intervention

Interventional Procedure

37(4.1%)

12(3.9%)

0.879

Blood transfusion

75(8.4%)

21(6.9%)

0.406

Haemostatic drugs

539(60.0%)

133(43.5%)

< 0.001

Tracheal Intubation

60(6.7%)

65(21.2%)

< 0.001

Vasoperssor

447(49.8%)

261(85.3%)

< 0.001

Preoperative laboratory tests

WBC (10⁹/L)

11.2(7.87–16.04)

14.9(10.06–19.67)

< 0.001

RBC (10¹²/L)

3.71(3.17–4.28)

3.66(3.13–4.23)

0.385

HGB (g/L)

113(95–132)

111(95-129.5)

0.199

HCT (%)

34.6(29.3–39.5)

33.5(28.9–38.7)

0.191

PLT (10⁹/L)

199(149–259)

182.5(134–227)

< 0.001

Neu% (%)

83.7(77.4–88.9)

85.4(80.7–89.7)

0.012

Neu (10⁹/L)

9.42(6.12–14.2)

12.64(8.10-17.51)

< 0.001

RDW (%)

12.7(12.3–13.4)

12.9(12.3–13.8)

0.005

PDW (%)

16.2(16.0-16.5)

16.3(16-16.5)

0.116

MPV (fL)

10.1(9.2–11.1)

10.2(9.3–11.4)

0.022

Cr (umol/L)

6.1(4.8–7.4)

6.6(5.1–7.4)

< 0.001

Urea (umol/L)

63.6(53.3–75)

68.5(59-81.1)

0.001

Sodium (mmol/L)

138.1(135.7-140.6)

138.3(135.7-141.5)

0.094

Potassium (mmol/L)

3.86(3.55–4.23)

3.76(3.3–4.43)

0.113

Calcium (mmol/L)

2.12(2.04–2.20)

2.09(2.00-2.15)

< 0.001

Total Protein (g/L)

60.4(55.9–65.1)

59.5(52.3–62.9)

< 0.001

Albumin (g/L)

38.1(34.8-40.35)

36.2(33.6-40.35)

0.001

Globulin (g/L)

22(19–25)

22(18–24)

< 0.001

TBiL (umol/L)

14.8(10.4–20.7)

13.9(10.1–19.1)

0.28

AST (U/L)

35(21–63)

38.5(23–68)

0.101

ALT (U/L)

43(27–71)

54(33.5–79.5)

< 0.001

APTT (s)

34.5(31.9–38.3)

36.0(32.8–40.1)

< 0.001

PT (s)

13.8(13.5–14.5)

14.6(13.7–15.8)

< 0.001

INR

1.07(1.01–1.13)

1.15(1.08–1.26)

< 0.001

Fib (g/L)

3.01(2.13–4.59)

2.36(1.69–3.99)

< 0.001

Intraoperative interventions

Type of Anaesthesia

General anaesthesia

809(90.1%)

294(96.1%)

0.001

Sodium Bicarbonate

37(4.1%)

83(27.1%)

< 0.001

Vasoperssor (intraoperative)

447(49.8%)

261(85.3%)

< 0.001

Tourniquet

49(5.5%)

12(3.9%)

0.29

Warming Equipment

309(34.4%)

118(38.6%)

0.19

Haemostatic drugs(intraoperative)

5(0.6%)

9(2.9%)

0.002

Operation

Time (min)

160(115–225)

180.5(135.5–255)

0.001

Blood Loss (mL)

300(100–500)

500(200–1200)

< 0.001

Autologous Blood (mL)

0.0(0.0–0.0)

0.0(0.0-250)

< 0.001

Plasma (mL)

0(0.0–0.0)

0(0.0-400)

< 0.001

Crystalloid (mL)

1100(900–1600)

1500(1000–2200)

< 0.001

Colloid (mL)

500(500–1000)

1000(1000–1500)

< 0.001

Urine (mL)

300(200–500)

325(200–600)

0.063

Temperature(postoperative) [℃]

36.6(36.3–36.9)

36.5(36.0-36.8)

< 0.001