Table 1 Univariable analysis of potential risk factors associated with infection rates of VBPs among 1202 dogs from Chad according to Chi square and fisher’s exact tests.

From: High prevalence of vector-borne protozoa and bacteria in dogs from Chad determined using a targeted next-generation sequencing approach

H. canis	Variable	Category	n	Positive	Prevalence (%)	POR (95% CI)	P-value	x² statistic df	x^{2 adj}P-value
	Age	< 2 yrs	392	208	53.1	1.7 (1.3–2.2)	< 0.001	22.53 2	< 0.001*
		≥ 2 < 5 yrs	627	414	66.0	1.0 (Reference)
		≥ 5 yrs	183	128	69.9	0.8 (0.5–1.2)	0.323
	Geographic region	Mayo KE	485	330	68.0	1.0 (Reference)		62.54 2	< 0.001*
		CB north	356	162	45.5	2.5 (1.9–3.4)	< 0.001
		CB south	361	258	71.5	0.8 (0.6–1.1)	0.285
	Sex	Male	786	503	64.0	1.0 (Reference)		2.28 1	0.393
	Sex	Female	416	247	59.4	0.8 (0.6–1.0)	0.117	2.28 1	0.393
B. vogeli	Age	< 2 yrs	392	7	1.8	1.2 (0.5–3.1)	0.643	0.39 2	1.00
		≥ 2 < 5 yrs	627	14	2.2	1.0 (Reference)
		≥ 5 yrs	183	3	1.6	1.3 (0.4–4.8)	0.664
	Geographic region	Mayo KE	485	13	2.68	1.0 (Reference)		10.45 2	0.002*
		CB north	356	0	0	NA	NA
		CB south	361	11	3.05	0.8 (0.4–2.0)	0.750
	Sex	Male	786	16	2.04	1.0 (Reference)		0.00 1	1.00
	Sex	Female	416	8	1.92	0.9 (0.4–2.2)	0.913	0.00 1	1.00
A. platys	Age	< 2 yrs	392	147	37.5	0.6 (0.5–0.8)	< 0.001	27.15 2	< 0.001*
		≥ 2 < 5 yrs	627	173	27.6	1.0 (Reference)
		≥ 5 yrs	183	31	16.9	1.9 (1.2–2.9)	0.003
	Geographic region	Mayo KE	485	113	23.3	1.0 (Reference)		14.17 2	< 0.001*
		CB north	356	114	32.0	0.6 (0.5–0.9)	0.005
		CB south	361	124	34.3	0.6 (0.4–0.8)	< 0.001
	Sex	Male	786	235	29.9	1.0 (Reference)		0.30 1	0.582
	Sex	Female	416	116	27.9	0.9 (0.6–1.1)	0.115	0.30 1	0.582
E. canis	Age	< 2 yrs	392	84	21.4	2.0 (0.6–1.1)	0.228	3.88 2	0.432
		≥ 2 < 5 yrs	627	115	18.3	1.0 (Reference)
		≥ 5 yrs	183	45	24.6	0.7 (0.5–1.0)	0.067
	Geographic region	Mayo KE	485	83	17.1	1.0 (Reference)		32.08 2	< 0.001*
		CB north	356	52	14.6	1.2 (0.8–1.8)	0.330
		CB south	361	109	30.2	0.5 (0.3–0.6)	< 0.001
	Sex	Male	786	170	21.6	1.0 (Reference)		2.25 1	0.401
	Sex	Female	416	74	17.8	0.8 (0.6–1.0)	0.114	2.25 1	0.401
C. M. haematoparvum	Age	< 2 yr	392	21	5.4	5.0 (3.1–8.0)	< 0.001	166.1 2	< 0.001*
		≥ 2 < 5 yrs	627	138	22.0	1.0 (Reference)
		≥ 5 yrs	183	96	52.5	0.3 (0.2–0.4)	< 0.001
	Geographic region	Mayo KE	485	122	25.2	1.0 (Reference)		23.65 2	< 0.001*
		CB north	356	88	24.7	1.0 (0.7–1.4)	0.887
		CB south	361	45	12.5	3.2 (1.6–3.4)	< 0.001
	Sex	Male	786	190	24.2	1.0 (Reference)		11.38 1	0.002*
	Sex	Female	416	65	15.6	0.6 (0.4–0.8)	< 0.001	11.38 1	0.002*
M. haemocanis	Age	< 2 yrs	392	203	51.8	1.6 (1.2–2.1)	< 0.001	13.72 2	0.003*
		≥ 2 < 5 yrs	627	398	63.5	1.0 (Reference)
		≥ 5 yrs	183	110	60.1	1.2 (0.8–1.6)	0.408
	Geographic region	Mayo KE	485	289	59.6	1.0 (Reference)		0.118 2	1.00
		CB north	356	208	58.4	1.0 (0.8–1.4)	0.735
		CB south	361	214	59.3	1.0 (0.8–1.3)	0.928
	Sex	Male	786	496	63.1	1.0 (Reference)		14.21 1	< 0.001*
	Sex	Female	416	215	51.7	0.6 (0.5–0.8)	< 0.001	14.21 1	< 0.001*
C.M. turicensis	Age	< 2 year	392	0	0	NA	0.001	166.1 2	0.048*
		≥ 2 < 5 yrs	627	14	2.2	1.0 (Reference)
		≥ 5 yrs	183	4	2.2	1.0 (0.3–3.1)	0.992
	Geographic region	Mayo KE	485	8	1.6	1.0 (Reference)		23.65 2	1.00
		CB north	356	4	1.1	1.5 (0.4–4.9)	0.55
		CB south	361	6	1.7	1.0 (0.3–2.9)	0.98
	Sex	Male	786	17	2.2	1.0 (Reference)		11.39 1	0.20
	Sex	Female	416	1	0.2	0.1 (0.0–0.8)	0.005	11.39 1	0.20

Risk factors were calculated using Chi-Square and Fisher’s exact tests (Fisher’s exact tests were computed only for variables below 5 for B. vogeli and C.M. turicensis only) (Mayo KE = Mayo Kebbi Est, CB south = Chari Baguirmi south, CB north = Chari Baguirmi north), POR: prevalence odd ratio, x²: chi square statistic, df: degrees of freedom.

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Table 1 Univariable analysis of potential risk factors associated with infection rates of VBPs among 1202 dogs from Chad according to Chi square and fisher’s exact tests.

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