Table 2 Definitions of parameters provided by the artificial intelligence (AI) model.
Algorithm | Abbreviation | Definition/equation |
|---|---|---|
Semantic segmentation algorithm for vessel area (VA) | CV-VA | The coefficient of variation (CV) of all measured VA values VA = Total number of pixels in the vessel area CV-VA = σ/μ σ: standard deviation (SD) of VA, μ: mean value of VA |
ΔVA | The relative change in VA over time ΔVA = dVA/dt t: time | |
Max-ΔVA | Maximum change in vessel area: The highest absolute value of ΔVA during the procedure | |
TDE | Tissue deformation error: Any ΔVA values that exceed the defined threshold Threshold: Mean ± 1.96 × SD of ΔVA, calculated across all trials by all surgeons (± 1.13) | |
Trajectory tracking algorithm for instrument-tip | PD | Path distance: The total distance traveled by the forceps tip during the procedure |
NJI | Normalized jerk index: A measure of motion smoothness, calculated based on acceleration and procedural time \({\text{NJI}} = \frac{1}{2}*\frac{{t^{5} }}{{D^{2} }}*\smallint \left( {\frac{da}{{dt}}} \right)^{2}\) a: acceleration, t: procedural time, D: path distance |
