Table 12 Optimal tension/compression spring design results.

From: A chaotic arithmetic optimization algorithm with Cauchy perturbation and differential evolution for engineering design problems

Algorithm

The optimal design variable

f(x)

\(x_1\)

\(x_2\)

\(x_3\)

CDAOA

0.05

0.358016

11.21324

0.012665

GSA

0.099723

1.043222

4.846201

4.56E+06

GWO

0.05

0.338702

12.43622

0.012684

WOA

0.057997

0.528317

5.508092

0.013342

HHO

0.058067

0.530457

5.467708

0.013357

CSA

0.053243

0.395258

9.341806

0.012708

SO

0.055669

0.460239

7.071929

0.012939

DMO

0.052615

0.379093

10.13064

0.01273

TSA

0.057447

0.507103

6.032737

0.013443

GJO

0.05

0.317313

14.04981

0.012732

AO

0.05

0.310615

15

0.013201

CPSOGSA

0.05

0.317424

14.02796

0.012719

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