Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the patients at baseline.

From: Prediction of hospital mortality in patients with left-sided infective endocarditis using a score in the first hours of admission

Variables

Total n = 530

Survivors n = 370

Nonsurvivors n = 160

p value

Demography

Median age—years (IQR*)

56 (39–73)

54 (37–71)

59 (44–76)

< 0.001

Age ≥ 60 years

247 (46.6)

155 (41.9)

92 (57.5)

< 0.001

Male sex—n. (%)

337 (63.6)

241(65.1)

96 (60)

0.26

Referred from another hospital—n. (%)

52 (9.8)

37 (10.0)

15 (9.4)

0.82

Comorbidities—n. (%)

Hypertension

278 (52.5)

179 (48.4)

99 (61.9)

0.004

Diabetes

99 (18.7)

54 (14.6)

45 (28.1)

< 0.001

Nondialysis chronic kidney disease (CrCl† < 60 mL/min)

54 (10.2)

32 (8.6)

22 (13.8)

0.075

Dialysis

34 (6.4)

19 (5.1)

15 (9.4)

0.067

Preexisting heart valve disease

 Rheumatic

186 (35.1)

136 (36.8)

50 (31.2)

0.22

 Degenerative

109 (20.6)

74 (20)

35 (21.9)

0.62

 Mitral prolapse

55 (10.4)

37 (10)

18 (11.2)

0.66

 Bicuspid aortic valve

29 (5.5)

19 (5.1)

10 (6.2)

0.60

 Noncyanogenic congenital heart disease

11 (2.1)

11 (3)

0 (0)

0.028

 Cyanogenic congenital heart disease

11 (2.1)

7 (1.9)

4 (2.5)

0.65

 Biological prosthesis

242 (45.7)

171 (46.2)

71 (44.4)

0.70

 Mechanical prosthesis

35 (6.6)

24 (6.5)

11 (6.9)

0.87

 Ascending aorta prosthetic graft or other nonvalvular intracardiac prosthesis

9 (1.7)

7 (1.9)

2 (1.2)

0.6

 TAVI‡

1 (0.2)

1 (0.3)

0 (0)

0.51

 Unknown cause

40 (7.5)

25 (6.8)

15 (9.4)

0.29

Intravenous drug

3 (0.6)

2 (0.5)

1 (0.6)

1.00

Previous endocarditis

97 (18.3)

74 (20)

23 (14.4)

0.12

Intracardiac devices

34 (6.4)

23 (6.2)

11 (6.9)

0.78

Dialysis catheter

22 (4.2)

11 (3)

11 (6.9)

0.039

Predisposing risk factor for endocarditis§

435 (82.1)

306 (82.7)

129 (80.6)

0.7

Signs and symptoms – n. (%)

Fever

378 (71.3)

285 (77)

93 (58.1)

< 0.001

NYHA|| class III or IV heart failure

217 (40.9)

133 (35.9)

84 (52.5)

< 0.001

Petechiae

49 (9.2)

35 (9.5)

14 (8.8)

0.80

Heart murmur

433 (81.7)

300 (81.1)

133 (83.1)

0.58

Suspected emboli (CNS** deficit or limb ischemia signs)

86 (16.2)

50 (13.5)

36 (22.5)

0.073

Symptoms ≥ 14 days upon admission

278 (52.5)

196 (53)

82 (51.2)

0.72

  1. *IQR, interquartile range; †CrCl, creatinine clearance; ‡TAVI, Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation; §Predisposing risk factor for endocarditis: preexisting left heart valve disease, previous endocarditis, intravenous drug use; ||NYHA, New York Heart Association; **CNS, central nervous system.
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