Fig. 1

Flowchart of participant selection in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2020 and China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2011–2020.

Flowchart of participant selection in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2020 and China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2011–2020.