Table 2 Mix proportions of the concrete (kg/m3).

From: Bond behaviour between H-shaped steel and concrete after freeze-thaw cycles

Specimen ID

F–T cycles

Volumetric stirrup ratio (%)

Anchorage length (mm)

Failure model

Pushout force (kN)

Bond strength (MPa)

Bond Strength (Mean ± SD)

F0V04L400-1

0

0.4

400

Pushout

293.63

0.62*

-

F0V08L380-1

0.8

380

Splitting

520.61

2.51

2.49 ± 0.03

F0V08L380-2

0.8

380

Splitting

523.13

2.50

F0V08L380-3

0.8

380

Pushout

518.72

2.46

F0V08L560-1

0.8

560

Splitting

587.37

1.92#

1.93 ± 0.01

F0V08L560-2

0.8

560

Splitting

599.69

1.94#

F0V08L560-3

0.8

560

Splitting

593.56

1.93#

F0V04L560-1

0.4

560

Pushout

517.81

1.72

-

F0V12L560-1

1.2

560

Pushout

639.56

2.08

-

F25V04L400-1

25

0.4

400

Pushout

288.90

0.61*

-

F50V08L380-1

50

0.8

380

Pushout

410.02

1.93

2.05 ± 0.15

F50V08L380-2

0.8

380

Pushout

447.22

2.22

F50V08L380-3

0.8

380

Splitting

425.78

1.99

F50V04L400-1

0.4

400

Pushout

189.44

0.40*

-

F50V08L560-1

0.8

560

Pushout

489.43

1.58#

1.63 ± 0.07

F50V08L560-2

0.8

560

Pushout

502.26

1.61#

F50V08L560-3

0.8

560

Pushout

529.35

1.71#

F100V08L380-1

100

0.8

380

Pushout

389.91

1.85

1.88 ± 0.03

F100V08L380-2

0.8

380

Pushout

393.48

1.87

F100V08L380-3

0.8

380

Pushout

404.04

1.91

F100V08L560-1

0.8

560

Pushout

458.79

1.47#

1.52 ± 0.04

F100V08L560-2

0.8

560

Pushout

484.50

1.56#

F100V08L560-3

0.8

560

Pushout

466.57

1.52#

F100V04L560-1

0.4

560

Splitting

456.87

1.48

-

F100V12L560-1

1.2

560

Pushout

486.67

1.57

-

F200V08L380-1

200

0.8

380

Pushout

361.79

1.72

1.67 ± 0.04

F200V08L380-2

0.8

380

Pushout

324.96

1.64

F200V08L380-3

0.8

380

Pushout

353.50

1.65

F200V08L560-1

0.8

560

Pushout

418.25

1.37#

1.38 ± 0.02

F200V08L560-2

0.8

560

Pushout

430.72

1.41#

F200V08L560-3

0.8

560

Pushout

418.89

1.37#