Fig. 1

Alpha diversity metrics of vaginal microbiota across sample groups. Panel (A) displays the Shannon diversity index, indicating differences in bacterial diversity among the Control Cohort (CC), Dysbiosis (DC), and Pathogenic Cohort (PC) groups. Panel (B) shows the Simpson diversity index, emphasizing evenness in microbial communities. Panel (C) shows the Fisher alpha index, representing species richness and diversity patterns. The results indicate that the Pathogenic Cohort exhibits the highest microbial diversity compared to the Normal and Dysbiosis groups.