Fig. 1

(A) maize plant height, (B) chlorophyll concentration at one, two, three and four weeks after germination, and (C) box plots representing maize root and shoot weight after four weeks of growth in soil amended with black soldier fly frass fertilizer (BSFFF) and synthetic fertilizers and non-fertilized soil. Different small letters above the error bars and upper whisker indicate a significant difference between the means of the treatments (P < 0.05).