Fig. 3
Relative quantification of pathogenesis related protein 5 (pr-5), maize proteinase inhibitor (mpi) and lipoxygenase 3 (lox-3) maize defense genes on, (A) undamaged maize plants, (B) S. frugipreda-damaged maize plants, and (C) constitutive and induced expression of defense genes in maize plants grown in soil amended with black soldier fly frass fertilizer (BSFFF), synthetic fertilizers and non-fertilized soils. Different letters above the error bars and upper whisker indicate a significant difference between the means of the treatments (P < 0.05) for A and B. * indicate significant difference, while n.s indicates no significant difference (C).
