Fig. 5

Venn diagrams comparing bacterial detection by culture and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. (A) Phyla detection. (B) Genera detection. The values represent the number of different phyla and genera detected from the 56 sputa analyzed using both bacterial culture and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The area of each circle is proportional to the count of phyla/genera. –(C) Strict anaerobes detection (prevalence). (D) Enterobacterales detection (prevalence). (E–H) Detection of bacterial genera associated with COPD exacerbations (prevalence). The values represent the count of positive samples from a total of 56 sputa analyzed using both bacterial culture and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The area of each circle is proportional to the count of positive samples. –Yellow circles indicate culture data, while green circles represent 16 S rRNA gene sequencing data.