Table 1 Patient characteristics by Lung-RADS category. Values are n (%) except for number of outpatient visits, number of inpatient visits, number of nodules. aDetermined by linking patient’s latest zip-code to the Rural-Urban commuting area (RUCA) codes. bDetermined by linking patient’s latest zip-code to the census bureau’s American community survey and categorizing percent population below poverty into 3 groups: < 10%, 10%−19%, or ≥ 20%. cMeasured within one year prior to the date of initial lung cancer screening. dChronic obstructive pulmonary disease eCharlson comorbidity index; 0 = no comorbidity, 1 = some comorbidities, ≥ 2 = a substantial burden of comorbidities. fOther insurance included managed care, worker’s compensation, and other types. gOther site included basilar, lingula, apex, and hilum. hOther laterality included medial, and either left or right, iOther texture included cystic, bubbly, fluids, and mixed.
Overall (n = 2,673) | Category 1 (n = 1,269, % = 47.5) | Category 2 (n = 1,133, % = 42.4) | Category 3 (n = 146, % = 5.5) | Category 4 A (n = 125, % = 4.7) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | < 0.001 | |||||
55–59 | 812 (30.4) | 433 (34.1) | 313 (27.6) | 34 (23.3) | 32 (25.6) | |
60–64 | 783 (29.3) | 373 (29.4) | 327 (28.9) | 48 (32.9) | 35 (28.0) | |
65–69 | 628 (23.5) | 272 (21.4) | 284 (25.1) | 48 (32.9) | 24 (19.2) | |
70–80 | 450 (16.8) | 191 (15.0) | 209 (18.4) | 16 (11.0) | 34 (27.2) | |
Sex | 0.558 | |||||
Women | 1,300 (48.6) | 612 (48.2) | 563 (49.7) | 71 (48.6) | 54 (43.2) | |
Men | 1,373 (51.4) | 657 (51.8) | 570 (50.3) | 75 (51.4) | 71 (56.8) | |
Race-ethnicity | 0.208 | |||||
Non-Hispanic white | 1,852 (69.3) | 847 (66.7) | 808 (71.3) | 107 (73.3) | 90 (72.0) | |
Non-Hispanic black | 706 (26.4) | 359 (28.3) | 284 (25.1) | 33 (22.6) | 30 (24.0) | |
Other | 115 (4.3) | 63 (4.9) | 41 (3.6) | 6 (4.1) | 5 (4.0) | |
Smoking status | 0.122 | |||||
Former | 1,220 (45.6) | 603 (47.3) | 509 (44.8) | 55 (37.7) | 56 (44.8) | |
Current | 1,453 (54.4) | 667 (52.6) | 626 (55.2) | 91 (62.3) | 69 (55.2) | |
Marital status | 0.051 | |||||
Married | 1,158 (43.3) | 540 (42.6) | 500 (44.1) | 69 (47.3) | 49 (39.2) | |
Single | 570 (21.3) | 283 (22.3) | 217 (19.1) | 31 (21.2) | 39 (31.2) | |
Divorced | 945 (35.4) | 446 (35.1) | 416 (36.7) | 46 (31.5) | 37 (29.6) | |
Family cancer history | ||||||
Yes | 694 (26.0) | 327 (25.8) | 301 (26.6) | 30 (20.6) | 36 (28.8) | 0.393 |
Census tract ruralitya | 0.086 | |||||
Non-Urban | 914 (34.2) | 416 (32.8) | 393 (34.6) | 50 (34.3) | 55 (44.0) | |
Urban | 1,759 (65.8) | 853 (67.2) | 740 (65.3) | 96 (65.7) | 70 (56.0) | |
Census tract povertyb | 0.113 | |||||
< 10% | 5221 (19.5) | 256 (20.2) | 225 (19.9) | 27 (18.5) | 13 (10.3) | |
10% − 19% | 1,327 (49.7) | 610 (48.1) | 564 (49.8) | 77 (52.7) | 76 (60.8) | |
≥ 20% | 688 (25.7) | 345 (27.2) | 277 (24.5) | 35 (24.0) | 31 (24.8) | |
Unknown | 137 (5.1) | 58 (4.6) | 67 (5.9) | 7 (4.8) | 5 (4.0) | |
Number of outpatients visitsc (Median (IQR)) | 9.0 (4–16) | 9.0 (4–17) | 9.0 (4–16) | 8.5 (4–14) | 9.0 (4–16) | 0.489 |
Number of inpatient visitsc (Median (IQR)) | 0.7 (0–1) | 0.5 (0–1) | 0.6 (0–1) | 0.6 (0–1) | 1.1 (0–2) | 0.456 |
COPDc, d | 1,033 (38.7) | 489 (38.5) | 419 (37.0) | 63 (43.2) | 62 (49.6) | 0.031 |
CCIe | 0.561 | |||||
0 | 865 (32.4) | 429 (33.8) | 355 (31.3) | 47 (32.2) | 34 (27.2) | |
1 | 821 (30.7) | 376 (29.6) | 351 (31.0) | 48 (32.9) | 46 (36.8) | |
≥ 2 | 987 (36.9) | 464 (36.6) | 427 (37.7) | 51 (34.9) | 45 (36.0) | |
Primary Payer for initial LDCT | 0.077 | |||||
Medicare | 1,734 (64.9) | 810 (63.8) | 731 (64.5) | 104 (71.2) | 89 (71.2) | |
Commercial | 417 (15.6) | 205 (16.2) | 174 (15.3) | 26 (17.8) | 12 (9.6) | |
Medicaid and all other insurancesf | 522 (19.5) | 254 (20.0) | 228 (20.1) | 16 (11.0) | 24 (19.2) | |
Nodule Characteristics | ||||||
Number of nodules (Median (IQR)) | 3.0 (1–7) | - | 5.0 (2–9) | 6.0 (3–12) | 10.0 (5–18) | < 0.001 |
Size | < 0.001 | |||||
< 6 mm | 962 (70.0) | - | 915 (80.7) | 37 (25.4) | 10 (8.0) | |
6–8 mm | 184 (13.4) | - | 94 (8.3) | 74 (50.7) | 16 (12.8) | |
> 8 mm | 229 (16.6) | - | 99 (8.7) | 31 (21.2) | 99 (79.2) | |
Site | 0.098 | |||||
Lower | 468 (33.3) | - | 353 (31.1) | 71 (48.6) | 44 (35.2) | |
Middle | 128 (9.1) | - | 109 (9.6) | 10 (6.8) | 9 (7.2) | |
Upper | 550 (39.2) | - | 464 (40.9) | 44 (30.1) | 42 (33.6) | |
Otherg | 258 (18.4) | - | 207 (18.3) | 21 (14.4) | 30 (24.0) | |
Laterality | 0.012 | |||||
Left | 509 (36.3) | - | 416 (36.7) | 54 (37.0) | 39 (31.2) | |
Right | 840 (59.8) | - | 678 (59.8) | 81 (58.5) | 81 (67.3) | |
Bilateral | 35 (2.5) | - | 27 (2.4) | 5 (3.4) | 3 (2.4) | |
Otherh | 20 (1.4) | - | 12 (1.1) | 6 (3.0) | 2 (1.8) | |
Texture | < 0.001 | |||||
Calcified | 351 (25.3) | - | 321 (28.3) | 13 (8.9) | 19 (15.2) | |
Ground glass | 161 (11.9) | - | 141 (12.4) | 9 (6.2) | 14 (11.2) | |
Noncalcified | 171 (12.3) | - | 141 (12.4) | 21 (14.4) | 10 (8.0) | |
Soft | 171 (12.1) | - | 124 (10.9) | 21 (14.4) | 26 (20.8) | |
Solid | 371 (26.7) | - | 271 (23.9) | 60 (41.1) | 39 (31.2) | |
Otheri | 164 (11.6) | - | 125 (11.0) | 22 (15.1) | 17 (13.6) | |
Adherent to Lung-RADS guideline | ||||||
Yes | 737 (27.6) | 307 (24.2) | 311 (27.4) | 39 (26.7) | 80 (64.0) | < 0.001 |
