Fig. 5

Longitudinal trend of five sample physiological parameters (SpO₂, respiratory rate, skin temperature, heart rate, HRV) captured via wearables from one representative user, who identified as a Long COVID case w.r.t. the COVID-19 testing day (day = 0). The plot shows nightly measurements from day=-60 to day = + 200. The green area (day=-42 to day=-14) is the baseline window, the blue area (day=-7 to day = + 6) is the testing window, and the magenta area (day = + 28 to day = + 56) is the study window. Shaded regions represent baseline (green), testing (blue), and study (magenta) windows with horizontal bands indicating baseline 90% confidence intervals. Overlay diamond markers denote self-reported symptoms categorized by system (general, respiratory/cardiac, neurological, other) identified by the CDC guideline for Long COVID.