Table 1 Characteristics of patients in the training and validation cohorts.

From: Radiomics-based machine-learning method to predict extrahepatic metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy: a multicenter study

Variables

Ā 

Training cohort

(N = 193)

Validation cohort

P

Gender

Male

230 (83.03)

83(85.57)

0.741

Ā 

Female

47 (16.97)

14(14.43)

Ā 

Age

≄ 65

59 (21.30)

19(19.59)

0.832

Ā 

< 65

218 (78.70)

78(80.41)

Ā 

BMI

Ā 

24.22(22.04–26.61)

23.98(21.97–26.23)

0.406

Alcohol abuse

Present

62 (22.38)

20(20.62)

0.827

Ā 

Absent

215 (77.62)

77(79.38)

Ā 

Diabetes

Present

39(14.08)

10(10.30)

0.440

Ā 

Absent

238(85.92)

87(89.70)

Ā 

Histopathological_grade

I, II

208(75.09)

69(71.13)

0.528

Ā 

III, IV

69(24.91)

28(28.87)

Ā 

Tumor diameter (cm)

≤ 2

23(11.91)

3(3.09)

0.485

Ā 

>2

244 (88.09)

94(96.91)

Ā 

Tumor number

≤ 2

248 (89.53)

79(81.44)

0.059

Ā 

≄ 2

29 (10.47)

18(18.56)

Ā 

MVI

Present

128 (46.21)

37(38.14)

0.208

Ā 

Absent

149 (53.79)

60(61.86)

Ā 

PV

Present

14 (5.05)

5(5.15)

0.979

Ā 

Absent

263 (94.95)

92(94.85)

Ā 

Liver capsule invasion

Present

138 (49.72)

50(51.55)

0.861

Ā 

Absent

139 (50.18)

47 (48.45)

Ā 

Tumor satellite

Present

31 (11.19)

10(10.31)

0.960

Ā 

Absent

246 (88.81)

87(89.69)

Ā 

Live cirrhosis

Present

187 (67.51)

56(57.73)

0.167

Ā 

Absent

90 (32.49)

41(42.27)

Ā 

HBV

Present

240 (86.64)

81(83.51)

0.703

Ā 

Absent

37 (13.16)

16(16.49)

Ā 

HBsAg

Positive

240 (86.64)

79(81.44)

0.281

Ā 

Negative

37 (13.16)

18(18.56)

Ā 

AFP (ng/ml)

≤ 20

122 (44.04)

36(37.11)

0.285

Ā 

> 20

155 (55.96)

61(62.89)

Ā 

ALT (IU/l)

≤ 50

191 (68.95)

67(69.07)

0.999

Ā 

> 50

86 (31.05)

30(30.93)

Ā 

AST (IU/l)

≤ 35

172 (43.68)

55(56.70)

0.415

Ā 

> 35

105 (56.32)

42(43.30)

Ā 

TBIL(µmol/l)

≤ 17.1

129 (46.57)

56(57.73)

0.076

Ā 

> 17.1

148 (53.43)

41(42.27)

Ā 

ALB (g/l)

≤ 45

230 (83.94)

89(91.75)

0.055

Ā 

> 45

47 (16.06)

8(8.25)

Ā 

PLT (Ɨ 10^9/l)

≤ 100

32 (11.91)

16(16.49)

0.287

Ā 

> 100

244 (88.09)

81(83.51)

Ā 

PT (s)

Ā 

10.5(9.8–11.1)

10.5(10–11)

0.969

NEUT (Ɨ 10^9/l)

Ā 

3.06(2.39–4.25)

2.87(2.10–3.79)

0.062

Lymphocyte

Ā 

1.63(1.24–2.16)

1.58(1.17–1.94)

0.257

Cr

Ā 

68(54–83)

13(12.5–13.5)

0.454

Child–Pugh

A

266 (96.03)

91(93.81)

0.537

Ā 

B

11(3.97)

6(6.19)

Ā 

CNLC

I, II

143(51.62)

53(54.64)

0.694

Ā 

III, IV

134(48.38)

44(45.36)

Ā 
  1. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index; PV Portal vein thrombosis; MVI microvascular invasion; HBsAg hepatitis B surface antigen status; ALT alanine aminotransferase; AST aspartate aminotransferase; TBIL total bilirubin; AFP alpha-fetoprotein; ALB albumin; PT prothrombin time; PLT platelet count; NEUT neutrophil count. CNLC Chinese Liver Cancer Staging System.