Table 1 Socio-demographic, child, and environment-related factors of comorbidity of diarrhea and acute respiratory infection in low- and middle-income countries.
Variable | Category | Comorbidity | Diarrhea | ARI | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[No, %] | [Yes, %] | [No, %] | [Yes, %] | [No, %] | [Yes, %] | [N, %] | ||
Household head sex | Female | 123,782 (18.5) | 7,211 (1.08) | 114,432 (17.10) | 16,561 (24.75) | 101,053 (15.1) | 29,940 (4.47) | 130,993 (19.57%) |
Male | 508, 945 (79.04) | 29,200 (4.36) | 470, 568 (70.32) | 67, 576 (10.01) | 419,181 (62.64) | 118,964 (17.78) | 538,145 (80.43%) | |
Maternal education | No | 158,120 (23.63) | 10,593 (1.58) | 144,959 (21.66) | 23,754 (3.5) | 134,542 (20.1) | 34,171 (5.1) | 168,713 (25.21) |
Primary | 173,379 (25.91) | 11,684 (1.75) | 23,754 (3.55) | 26,249 (3.92) | 140,126 (20.94) | 44,937 (6.72) | 185,064 (27.65) | |
Secondary & | 301,228 (45.02) | 14,133 (2.11) | 281,228 (42.03) | 34,133 (5.1) | 245,566 (36.70) | 69,795 (10.43) | 315,361 (47.13) | |
Husband education | No | 115,895 (25.04) | 7,775 (1.68) | 105,335 (22.76) | 18,335 (3.96) | 98,563 (21.29) | 25,107 (5.4) | 123,670 (26.72) |
Primary | 122,840 (26.54) | 8,701 (1.88) | 112,936 (24.40) | 18,605 (4.02) | 97,267 (21.01) | 34,274 (7.4) | 131,541 (28.42) | |
Secondary & | 196,091 (42.37) | 11,488 (2.48) | 181,449 (39.2) | 26,130 (5.65) | 156,259 (33.76) | 51,320 (11.1) | 207,579 (44.85) | |
Marital status | Other | 122,202 (18.26) | 8,551 (12.78) | 111,290 (17.8) | 19,463 (2.9) | 98,808 (14.76) | 31,945 (4.77) | 130,754 (19.54) |
Married | 510,525 (76.29) | 27,859 (4.16) | 473,710 (70.79) | 64,674 (9.66) | 421,426 (62.98) | 116,958 (17.48) | 538,384 (80.5) | |
Maternal age | 15–19 | 28,520 (4.26) | 2,460 (0.36) | 25,250 (3.77) | 5,730 (0.85) | 23,356 (3.49) | 7,624 (1.14) | 30,980 (4.63) |
20–34 | 480,554 (71.82) | 27,699 (4.14) | 444,584 (66.44) | 63,669 (9.5) | 395,634 (59.12) | 112,618 (16.83) | 508,253 (75.95) | |
≥ 35 | 123,653 (18.5) | 6,252 (0.9) | 115,166 (17.21) | 14,738 (2.2) | 101,243 (15.13) | 28,661 (4.28) | 129,905 (19.41) | |
Child sex | Female | 307,608 (45.97) | 16,850 (2.52) | 284,966 (42.58) | 39,492 (5.9) | 253,240 (37.84) | 71,218 (10.64) | 324,458 (48.49) |
Male | 325,120 (48.58) | 19,560 (2.9) | 300,035 (44.84) | 44,645 (6.67) | 266,994 (39.90) | 77,686 (11.61) | 344,680 (51.51) | |
Birth size | Small | 83,169 (14.33) | 6,896 (1.19) | 75,335 (1298) | 14,730 (2.54) | 80,058 (13.8) | 10,007 (1.72) | 90,065 (15.52) |
Average | 324,752 (55.96) | 17,409 (3.0) | 301,466 (51.95) | 40,695 (7.01) | 315,645 (54.39) | 26,516 (4.7) | 342,161 (58.96) | |
Large | 138,751 (20.74) | 9,289 (1.6) | 126,838 (21.86) | 21,202 (3.65) | 135,151 (23.29) | 12,889 (2.22) | 148,040 (25.51) | |
Birth order | First | 177,115 (26.47) | 9,973 (1.49) | 163,704 (24.46) | 23,385 (3.49) | 144,568 (21.6) | 42,521 (6.35) | 187,089 (27.96) |
Second | 165,916 (24.79) | 8,438 (1.26) | 154,468 (23.08) | 19,886 (2.97) | 136,699 (20.43) | 37,655 (5.6) | 174,355 (26.06) | |
Third | 106,135 (15.86) | 6,307 (0.9) | 98,544 (14.73) | 13,899 (2.07) | 87,266 (13.04) | 25,176 (3.76) | 112,443 (16.80) | |
Fourth & | 183,560 (27.43) | 11,690 (1.7) | 168,283 (25.15) | 26,967 (4.03) | 151,700 (22.67) | 43,550 (6.5) | 195,251 (29.18) | |
Child age | 0–11 | 137,440 (20.8) | 9,202 (1.39) | 124,964 (18.91) | 21,678 (3.28) | 115,100 (17.42) | 31,542 (4.77) | 146,643 (22.19) |
12–23 | 128,553 (19.45) | 10,558 (1.6) | 113,369 (17.16) | 25,742 (3.89) | 105,386 (15.95) | 33,725 (5.1) | 139,111 (21.05) | |
24–59 | 361,974 (54.78) | 13,012 (1.97) | 341, 097 (51.62) | 33,080 (5.00) | 299,747 (45.36) | 75,240 (11.38) | 374,987 (56.75) | |
vaccination | Vaccinated | 28,366 (24.18) | 80,763 (68.86) | 26,141 (22.29) | 72,935 (62.21) | 24,644 (21.01) | 65,455 (55.80) | 90,100 (76.82) |
Unvaccinated | 1,602 (1.37) | 6,553 (5.58) | 3,827 (3.26) | 14,381 (1.23) | 5,324 (4.64) | 5,324 (44.2) | 27,185 (23.18) | |
Number of under-five | < 1 | 284,560 (42.53) | 15,378 (2.30) | 264,370 (39.51) | 35,568 (5.31) | 229,721 (34.33) | 70,217 (10.49) | 299,938 (44.82) |
2–4 | 331,949 (49.60) | 19,918 (2.97) | 305,998 (45.73) | 45,869 (6.85) | 276,596 (41.33) | 75,271 (11.25) | 351,867 (52.58) | |
≥ 5 | 16,218 (2.4) | 1,114 (0.16) | 14,631 (2.18) | 2,700 (0.4) | 13,916 (2.08) | 3,416 (0.5) | 17,333 (26) | |
Media exposure | No | 134,997 (28.18) | 7,313 (1.52) | 123,482 (25.78) | 18,828 (3.93) | 115,868 (24.19) | 26,442 (5.5) | 142,310 (29.71 ) |
Yes | 316,791 (66.14) | 19,899 (4.15) | 289,641 (60.47) | 47,049 (9.8) | 253,762 (52.97) | 82,928 (17.31) | 336,690 (70.29) | |
Toilet facility | Unimproved | 246,510 (36.84) | 16,438 (2.45) | 226,638 (33.87) | 36,310 (5.42) | 47,822 (7.15) | 59,402 (8.87) | 262,948 (39.3) |
Improved | 386,194 (57.71) | 19,970 (2.98) | 358,343 (53.55) | 47,821 (7.14) | 316,670 (47.32) | 89,494 (13.37) | 406,164 (60.17) | |
Water source | Improved | 191,588 (28.63) | 11,136 (1.66) | 177,178 (26.48) | 25,546 (3.8) | 157,190 (23.49) | 45,534 (6.80) | 202,724 (30.29) |
Unimproved | 441,123 (65.92) | 25,274 (3.77) | 407,808 (69.95) | 58,589 (8.76) | 363,030 (54.25) | 103,367 (15.45) | 466,397 (69.71) | |
Access to water | Not basic | 269,622 (54.9) | 17,763 (3.61) | 247,770 (59.46) | 39,615 (8.06) | 217,168 (44.22) | 70,217 (14.29) | 287,386 (58.52) |
Basic | 190,497 (38.79) | 13.165 (2.68) | 173,559 (35.34) | 30,103 (6.11) | 155,370 (31.64) | 48,291 (9.83) | 203,662 (41.47) | |
Cooking fuel | Solid | 434,246 (64.90) | 27,161 (4.06) | 44,264 (6.61) | 62,602 (0.93 ) | 356,777 (53.32) | 104,630 (15.63) | 461,407 (68.96) |
Clean | 198,460 (29.66) | 9,244 (1.38) | 186,176 (27.82) | 21,528 (3.22) | 163,440 (24.42) | 44,264 (6.6) | 207,705 (31.04) | |
Distance difficulty | No problem | 404,173 (63.25) | 20,343 (3.18) | 375,367 (58.74) | 49,150 (7.69) | 335,333 (52.48) | 89,183 (14.0) | 424,516 (66.43) |
Big problem | 200,296 (31.34) | 14,165 (2.2) | 183,929 (28.78) | 30,532 (4.78) | 163,362 (25.56) | 51,099 (7.99) | 214,461 (33.57) | |
Place of residence | Urban | 16,728 (2.5) | 238,826 (33.45) | 30,512 (4.56) | 179,931 (26.89) | 153,433 (22.93) | 30,379 (4.54) | 238,213 (35.6) |
Rural | 33,457 (5.0) | 395,126 (59.05) | 69,992 (10.46) | 387,497 (57.91) | 337,580 (50.45) | 147,746 (22.08) | 430,925 (64.4) | |
Health insurance | No | |461,894 (79.87) | 27,561 (4.76) | 426,267 (73.71) | 63,189 (10.92) | 382,161 (66.08) | 107,294 (18.55) | 489,456 (73.4) |
Yes | 84,473 (14.61) | 4,382 (0.7) | 79,644 (13.77) | 9,211 (1.59) | 66,748 (11.54) | 22,107 (3.82) | 88,855 (26.59) | |
Country income level | Low income | 177,466 (26.52) | 15,033 (2.25) | 161,019 (24.06) | 31,480 (4.7) | 140,590 (21.01) | 51,909 (7,75) | 192,499 (28.77) |
Lower middle | 424,344 (63.42) | 19,677 (2.94) | 394,963 (59.02) | 49,080 (7.33) | 355,143 (53.07) | 88,878 (13.28) | 444,022 ( 66.36) | |
Upper middle | 30,916 (4.6) | 1,701 (0.5) | 29,018 (4.33) | 3,599 (0.5) | 24,500 (3.66) | 8,117 (1.21) | 32,617 (4.87) | |
Region | Europe & Latin | 9,130 (1.36) | 949 (0.1) | 8,616 (1.28) | 1,463 (0.2) | 6,171 (0.9) | 3,908 (5.65) | 10,080 (1.5) |
South Asia | 250,831 (37.48) | 10,022 (1.49) | 238,095 (35.58) | 22,758 (3.4) | 207,830 (31.06) | 53,023 (7.92) | 260,853 (38.98) | |
Central Asia | 23,991 (3.58) | 4,248 (0.6) | 21,957 (3.28) | 6,283 (0.9) | 17,855 (2.67) | 10,384 (1.55) | 28,241 (4.22) | |
Africa | 348,774 (52.12) | 21,190 (3.17) | 316,332 (47.27) | 53,631 (8.01) | 288,377 (35.62) | 81,587 (12.19) | 369,964 (55.29) | |
Survey year | 2015–2019 | 350,905 (52.44) | 23,377 (3.49) | 323,248 (48.3) | 51,034 (7.63) | 283,967 (42.44) | 90,135 (13.47) | 374,282 (55.93) |
2020–2024 | 281,823 (42.12) | 13,033 (1.95) | 261,753 (39.12) | 33,103 (4.95) | 236,266 (35.31) | 58,589 (8.76) | 294,856 (44.06) | |
Total | 45 LMICs | 632,737 (94.56) | 36,401 (5.44) | 585,027 (87.43) | 84,111 (12.57) | 520,255 (77.75) | 148,883 (22.25) | 669,138 (100) |
