Table 1 Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis between variables (n = 971).
Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.Online presence | 3.52 | 0.95 | 1 | ||||||||
2.Teaching presence | 3.63 | 0.99 | 0.95** | 1 | |||||||
3.Social presence | 3.47 | 0.98 | 0.97** | 0.86** | 1 | ||||||
4.Cognitive presence | 3.44 | 0.98 | 0.98** | 0.89** | 0.95** | 1 | |||||
5.Positive-high arousal academic emotions | 3.57 | 1.00 | 0.67** | 0.69** | 0.62** | 0.64** | 1 | ||||
6.Positive-low arousal academic emotions | 3.39 | 0.99 | 0.71** | 0.70** | 0.66** | 0.68** | 0.82** | 1 | |||
7.Negative-high arousal academic emotions | 3.22 | 1.08 | −0.24** | −0.23** | −0.22** | −0.23** | −0.36** | −0.30** | 1 | ||
8.Negative-low arousal academic emotions | 3.18 | 1.03 | −0.25** | −0.23** | −0.24** | −0.25** | −0.33** | −0.31** | 0.71** | 1 | |
9.Learning performance | 2.78 | 0.69 | 0.73** | 0.68** | 0.70** | 0.71** | 0.53** | 0.60** | −0.13** | −0.15** | 1 |
