Fig. 8 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 8

From: Network pharmacology and experimental validation to elucidate the pharmacological mechanisms of Guben Xiezhuo decoction against renal fibrosis

Fig. 8

HK-2 cells were treated with graded concentrations of 11-Ketodihydrotestosterone, Cuminaldehyde, or trans-3-Indoleacrylic acid, and viability was assessed by CCK-8. Panels (a–c) show cytotoxicity in unchallenged cells: (a) trans-3-Indoleacrylic acid (0–500 µM) was non-toxic, with 500 µM significantly enhancing viability; (b) Cuminaldehyde (0–1280 µM) exhibited no toxicity; (c) 11-Ketodihydrotestosterone (0–1000 nM) exhibited no toxicity. Panels (d–f) show protective effects in LPS-stimulated cells: (d) 500 µM trans-3-Indoleacrylic acid enhanced viability; (e) Cuminaldehyde at 128 µM and 1280 µM enhanced viability; (f) 11-Ketodihydrotestosterone showed no significant protective effect across 0–1000 nM. *p < 0.05 vs. Model group, **p < 0.001 vs. Model group, ****p < 0.001 vs. Model group, ns for p > 0.05 vs. Model group.

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