Table 2 Gross examination findings and outcomes of screening for all older women (≥ 60-year-olds) and the ≥ 65-year-old subgroup.

From: Assessing high-risk human papillomavirus-based cervical precancer screening recommendations and implications among women aged 60/65 years and older in Ghana

Gross screening characteristics

Estimate

≥ 60-year-olds

≥ 65-year-olds

Abnormal vulval inspection findings, n (%)

6 (0.5)

4 (0.6)

Abnormal vaginal inspection findings, n (%)

6 (0.5)

3 (0.4)

Abnormal cervical inspection findings α, n (%)

23 (1.9)

5 (0.8)

TZ type β on visual inspection (VIA or colposcopy)

   1

20 (1.5)

11 (1.6)

   2

67 (5.1)

40 (5.7)

   3

1103 (83.6)

581 (83.0)

   Missing/visual inspection method not performed

129 (9.8)

129 (9.7)

Screening outcomes (prevalence estimates)

 Overall hr-HPV positive, % (95% CI)

27.9 (25.1 − 31.0)

30.8 (26.6 − 35.2)

    careHPV positive, % (95% CI)

23.9 (12.6 − 38.8)

27.3 (10.7–50.2)

    AmpFire positive, % (95% CI)

25.9 (15.0 − 39.7)

34.4 (18.6–53.2)

    MA-6000 positive, % (95% CI)

48.1 (43.2 − 53.0)

48.2 (41.4–55.0)

    GeneXpert positive γ, % (95% CI)

 Visual inspection ‘positive’, % (95% CI)

1.9 (1.2 − 2.8)

1.9 (1.0 − 3.2)

    VIA ‘positive’, % (95% CI)

0.6 (0.3 − 1.4)

0.7 (0.2 − 1.8)

    EVA ‘positive’, % (95% CI)

9.7 (5.6 − 15.3)

10.1 (4.5 − 19.0)

 Cytology positive, % (95% CI)

8.6 (1.8 − 23.1)

  1. hr-HPV, high-risk human papillomavirus; TZ, transformation zone; VIA, Visual Inspection with Acetic acid; CI, confidence interval; EVA, Enhanced Visual Assessment.
  2. α Abnormalities identified before application of acetic acid (e.g. leukoplakia, polyps).
  3. β Transformation zone types.
  4. TZ1: The entire circumference of the squamocolumnar junction is visible; fully ectocervical.
  5. TZ2: The entire circumference of the squamocolumnar junction is visible; partly or fully endocervical.
  6. TZ3: The entire circumference of the squamocolumnar junction is not visible; partly or fully endocervical.
  7. γ Not estimated due to low denominators (n = 9 for ≥ 60-year-olds and n = 3 for ≥ 65-year-olds).